C# 将小数提高到小数的幂？
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原文地址: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/429165/
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Raising a decimal to a power of decimal?
提问by vappolinario
The .net framework provides in the Math class a method for powering double. But by precision requirement I need to raise a decimal to a decimal power [ Pow(decimal a, decimal b) ]. Does the framework have such a function? Does anyone know of a library with this kind of function?
.net 框架在 Math 类中提供了一种为 double 提供动力的方法。但是根据精度要求，我需要将小数提高到十进制幂 [Pow(decimal a, decimal b)]。框架有这样的功能吗？有谁知道有这种功能的图书馆吗？
采纳答案by vappolinario
To solve my problem I found some expansion series, and them I had them implemented to solve the equation X^n = e^(n * ln x).
为了解决我的问题，我找到了一些扩展系列，我让它们实现来解决方程 X^n = e^(n * ln x)。
// Adjust this to modify the precision
public const int ITERATIONS = 27;
// power series
public static decimal DecimalExp(decimal power)
{
int iteration = ITERATIONS;
decimal result = 1;
while (iteration > 0)
{
fatorial = Factorial(iteration);
result += Pow(power, iteration) / fatorial;
iteration--;
}
return result;
}
// natural logarithm series
public static decimal LogN(decimal number)
{
decimal aux = (number - 1);
decimal result = 0;
int iteration = ITERATIONS;
while (iteration > 0)
{
result += Pow(aux, iteration) / iteration;
iteration--;
}
return result;
}
// example
void main(string[] args)
{
decimal baseValue = 1.75M;
decimal expValue = 1/252M;
decimal result = DecimalExp(expValue * LogN(baseValue));
}
The Pow() and Factorial() functions are simple because the power is always an int (inside de power series).
Pow() 和 Factorial() 函数很简单，因为幂总是一个整数（在幂级数内部）。
回答by Dmitri Nesteruk
Are you sure you actually want to do this? A decimalmultiply is about 40 times slower than double's, so I'd expect a decimal Math.Pow()to be practically unusable.
你确定你真的想这样做吗？一个decimal乘法是慢约40倍double的，所以我希望十进制Math.Pow()是经不起实用。
If you expect only integer powers, though, I suggest you use the integer-based power algorithm that was already discussed here on SO.
但是，如果您只期望整数幂，我建议您使用 SO 上已经讨论过的基于整数的幂算法。
回答by Kevin Loney
I think it depends a lot on the number you plan on plugging in. If 'a' and 'b' are not 'nice' number then you'll likely get a value which is non-terminating that is impossible to store and if C# BigDecimal behaves at all like Java BigDecimal it probably throws an exception in such a case.
我认为这在很大程度上取决于您计划插入的数字。如果“a”和“b”不是“不错”的数字，那么您可能会得到一个无法存储的非终止值，如果 C# BigDecimal 的行为完全类似于 Java BigDecimal，在这种情况下它可能会引发异常。
回答by user1668969
This should be the fastest for a positive integer Exponent and a decimal base:
对于正整数指数和小数基数，这应该是最快的：
// From http://www.daimi.au.dk/~ivan/FastExpproject.pdf
// Left to Right Binary Exponentiation
public static decimal Pow(decimal x, uint y){
decimal A = 1m;
BitArray e = new BitArray(BitConverter.GetBytes(y));
int t = e.Count;
for (int i = t-1; i >= 0; --i) {
A *= A;
if (e[i] == true) {
A *= x;
}
}
return A;
}
回答by Ilan
Here's a C# program to manually implement Math.Pow() to a greater degree of precision than .NET's double's based implementation. Cut and paste into linqpad to run immediately, or change the .Dump()s to Console.WriteLines.
这是一个 C# 程序，用于手动实现 Math.Pow() 比基于 .NET 的双精度实现更高的精度。剪切并粘贴到 linqpad 以立即运行，或将 .Dump()s 更改为 Console.WriteLines。
I've included a test of the result. The test is as follows:
我已经包含了对结果的测试。测试如下：
- Goal = .4% pa with daily compounding on 10 000
- Answer = should be 10 040
- How = decimal b=10000; for (int i = 0; i<365; i++) { b *= rate; } where rate = (1.004)^(1/365)
- 目标 = .4% pa，每日复利 10 000
- 答案 = 应该是 10 040
- How = 十进制 b=10000; for (int i = 0; i<365; i++) { b *= rate; } 其中率 = (1.004)^(1/365)
I've tested 3 implementations of rate: (1) Manual calculation (2) Excel (3) Math.Pow
我已经测试了 3 个 rate 的实现：（1）手动计算（2）Excel（3）Math.Pow
The manual calc has the highest degree of accuracy. The results are:
手动计算具有最高的准确度。结果是：
Manually calculated rate: 1.0000109371043837652682334292
Excel rate: 1.000010937104383712500000M [see formula =(1.004)^(1/365)]
Math.Pow rate: 1.00001093710438
Manual - .4%pa on R10,000: 10040.000000000000000000000131
Excel - .4%pa on R10,000: 10039.999999999806627646709094
Math.Pow - .4%pa on R10,000:10039.999999986201948942509648
I've also left some additional workings in there - which I used to establish what the highest factorial was that can fit into a ulong (= 22).
我还在那里留下了一些额外的工作 - 我用来确定可以放入 ulong (= 22) 的最高阶乘是什么。
Linqpad code:
Linqpad 代码：
/*
a^b = exp(b * ln(a))
ln(a) = log(1-x) = - x - x^2/2 - x^3/3 - ... (where |x| < 1)
x: a = 1-x => x = 1-a = 1 - 1.004 = -.004
y = b * ln(a)
exp(y) = 1 + y + y^2/2 + x^3/3! + y^4/4! + y^5/5! + ...
n! = 1 * 2 * ... * n
*/
/*
//
// Example: .4%pa on R10,000 with daily compounding
//
Manually calculated rate: 1.0000109371043837652682334292
Excel rate: 1.000010937104383712500000M =(1.004)^(1/365)
Math.Pow rate: 1.00001093710438
Manual - .4%pa on R10,000: 10040.000000000000000000000131
Excel - .4%pa on R10,000: 10039.999999999806627646709094
Math.Pow - .4%pa on R10,000:10039.999999986201948942509648
*/
static uint _LOOPS = 10; // Max = 22, no improvement in accuracy after 10 in this example scenario
// 8: 1.0000109371043837652682333497
// 9: 1.0000109371043837652682334295
// 10: 1.0000109371043837652682334292
// ...
// 21: 1.0000109371043837652682334292
// 22: 1.0000109371043837652682334292
// http://www.daimi.au.dk/~ivan/FastExpproject.pdf
// Left to Right Binary Exponentiation
public static decimal Pow(decimal x, uint y)
{
if (y == 1)
return x;
decimal A = 1m;
BitArray e = new BitArray(BitConverter.GetBytes(y));
int t = e.Count;
for (int i = t-1; i >= 0; --i) {
A *= A;
if (e[i] == true) {
A *= x;
}
}
return A;
}
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/429165/raising-a-decimal-to-a-power-of-decimal
// natural logarithm series
public static decimal ln(decimal a)
{
/*
ln(a) = log(1-x) = - x - x^2/2 - x^3/3 - ... (where |x| < 1)
x: a = 1-x => x = 1-a = 1 - 1.004 = -.004
*/
decimal x = 1 - a;
if (Math.Abs(x) >= 1)
throw new Exception("must be 0 < a < 2");
decimal result = 0;
uint iteration = _LOOPS;
while (iteration > 0)
{
result -= Pow(x, iteration) / iteration;
iteration--;
}
return result;
}
public static ulong[] Fact = new ulong[] {
1L,
1L * 2,
1L * 2 * 3,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19,
1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19 * 20,
14197454024290336768L, //1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19 * 20 * 21, // NOTE: Overflow during compilation
17196083355034583040L, //1L * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * 8 * 9 * 10 * 11 * 12 * 13 * 14 * 15 * 16 * 17 * 18 * 19 * 20 * 21 * 22 // NOTE: Overflow during compilation
};
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/429165/raising-a-decimal-to-a-power-of-decimal
// power series
public static decimal exp(decimal y)
{
/*
exp(y) = 1 + y + y^2/2 + x^3/3! + y^4/4! + y^5/5! + ...
*/
uint iteration = _LOOPS;
decimal result = 1;
while (iteration > 0)
{
//uint fatorial = Factorial(iteration);
ulong fatorial = Fact[iteration-1];
result += (Pow(y, iteration) / fatorial);
iteration--;
}
return result;
}
void Main()
{
decimal a = 1.004M;
decimal b = 1/365M;
decimal _ln = ln(a);
decimal y = b * _ln;
decimal result = exp(y);
result.Dump("Manual rate");
decimal excel = 1.000010937104383712500000M; // =(1.004)^(1/365)
excel.Dump("Excel rate");
decimal m = (decimal)Math.Pow((double)a,(double)b);
m.Dump("Math.Pow rate");
//(result - excel).Dump("Diff: Manual - Excel");
//(m - excel).Dump("Diff: Math.Pow - Excel");
var f = new DateTime(2013,1,1);
var t = new DateTime(2014,1,1);
Test(f, t, 10000, result, "Manual - .4%pa on R10,000");
Test(f, t, 10000, excel, "Excel - .4%pa on R10,000");
Test(f, t, 10000, m, "Math.Pow - .4%pa on R10,000");
}
decimal Test(DateTime f, DateTime t, decimal balance, decimal rate, string whichRate)
{
int numInterveningDays = (t.Date - f.Date).Days;
var value = balance;
for (int i = 0; i < numInterveningDays; ++i)
{
value *= rate;
}
value.Dump(whichRate);
return value - balance;
}
/*
// Other workings:
//
// Determine maximum Factorial for use in ln(a)
//
ulong max = 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 * 2 // see http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ctetwysk.aspx
Factorial 21 = 14,197,454,024,290,336,768
Factorial 22 = 17,196,083,355,034,583,040
Factorial 23 = 8,128,291,617,894,825,984 (Overflow)
public static uint Factorial_uint(uint i)
{
// n! = 1 * 2 * ... * n
uint n = i;
while (--i > 1)
{
n *= i;
}
return n;
}
public static ulong Factorial_ulong(uint i)
{
// n! = 1 * 2 * ... * n
ulong n = i;
while (--i > 1)
{
n *= i;
}
return n;
}
void Main()
{
// Check max ulong Factorial
ulong prev = 0;
for (uint i = 1; i < 24; ++i)
{
ulong cur = Factorial_ulong(i);
cur.Dump(i.ToString());
if (cur < prev)
{
throw new Exception("Overflow");
}
prev = cur;
}
}
*/
