C++ 实现高斯模糊 - 如何计算卷积矩阵（内核）

Implementing Gaussian Blur - How to calculate convolution matrix (kernel)

提问by gsingh2011

My question is very close to this question: How do I gaussian blur an image without using any in-built gaussian functions?

我的问题非常接近这个问题：如何在不使用任何内置高斯函数的情况下对图像进行高斯模糊？

The answer to this question is very good, but it doesn't give an example of actually calculating a real Gaussian filter kernel. The answer gives an arbitrary kernel and shows how to apply the filter using that kernel but not how to calculate a real kernel itself. I am trying to implement a Gaussian blur in C++ or Matlab from scratch, so I need to know how to calculate the kernel from scratch.

这个问题的答案很好，但是没有给出实际计算真正的高斯滤波器核的例子。答案给出了一个任意的内核，并展示了如何使用该内核应用过滤器，而不是如何计算真正的内核本身。我想从头开始在 C++ 或 Matlab 中实现高斯模糊，所以我需要知道如何从头开始计算内核。

I'd appreciate it if someone could calculate a real Gaussian filter kernel using any small example image matrix.

如果有人可以使用任何小示例图像矩阵计算真正的高斯滤波器内核，我将不胜感激。

回答by petrichor

You can create a Gaussian kernel from scratch as noted in MATLAB documentation of fspecial. Please read the Gaussian kernel creation formula in the algorithms part in that page and follow the code below. The code is to create an m-by-n matrix with sigma = 1.

您可以按照 MATLAB 文档中的说明从头开始创建高斯内核fspecial。请阅读该页面算法部分中的高斯核创建公式并遵循以下代码。代码是创建一个 sigma = 1 的 m×n 矩阵。

m = 5; n = 5;
sigma = 1;
[h1, h2] = meshgrid(-(m-1)/2:(m-1)/2, -(n-1)/2:(n-1)/2);
hg = exp(- (h1.^2+h2.^2) / (2*sigma^2));
h = hg ./ sum(hg(:));

h =

    0.0030    0.0133    0.0219    0.0133    0.0030
    0.0133    0.0596    0.0983    0.0596    0.0133
    0.0219    0.0983    0.1621    0.0983    0.0219
    0.0133    0.0596    0.0983    0.0596    0.0133
    0.0030    0.0133    0.0219    0.0133    0.0030

Observe that this can be done by the built-in fspecialas follows:

观察到这可以通过内置来完成，fspecial如下所示：

fspecial('gaussian', [m n], sigma)
ans =

    0.0030    0.0133    0.0219    0.0133    0.0030
    0.0133    0.0596    0.0983    0.0596    0.0133
    0.0219    0.0983    0.1621    0.0983    0.0219
    0.0133    0.0596    0.0983    0.0596    0.0133
    0.0030    0.0133    0.0219    0.0133    0.0030

I think it is straightforward to implement this in any language you like.

我认为用你喜欢的任何语言实现它都很简单。

EDIT: Let me also add the values of h1and h2for the given case, since you may be unfamiliar with meshgridif you code in C++.

编辑：我还要补充的值h1，并h2对于给定的情况下，因为你可能不熟悉meshgrid++，如果你用C编写。

h1 =

    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2
    -2    -1     0     1     2

h2 =

    -2    -2    -2    -2    -2
    -1    -1    -1    -1    -1
     0     0     0     0     0
     1     1     1     1     1
     2     2     2     2     2

回答by thiton

It's as simple as it sounds:

这听起来很简单：

double sigma = 1;
int W = 5;
double kernel[W][W];
double mean = W/2;
double sum = 0.0; // For accumulating the kernel values
for (int x = 0; x < W; ++x) 
    for (int y = 0; y < W; ++y) {
        kernel[x][y] = exp( -0.5 * (pow((x-mean)/sigma, 2.0) + pow((y-mean)/sigma,2.0)) )
                         / (2 * M_PI * sigma * sigma);

        // Accumulate the kernel values
        sum += kernel[x][y];
    }

// Normalize the kernel
for (int x = 0; x < W; ++x) 
    for (int y = 0; y < W; ++y)
        kernel[x][y] /= sum;

回答by moooeeeep

To implement the gaussian bluryou simply take the gaussian functionand compute one value for each of the elements in your kernel.

要实现高斯模糊，您只需采用高斯函数并为内核中的每个元素计算一个值。

Usually you want to assign the maximum weight to the central element in your kernel and values close to zero for the elements at the kernel borders. This implies that the kernel should have an odd height (resp. width) to ensure that there actually is a central element.

通常，您希望将最大权重分配给内核中的中心元素，并为内核边界处的元素分配接近于零的值。这意味着内核应该有一个奇数的高度（或宽度）以确保实际上有一个中心元素。

To compute the actual kernel elements you may scale the gaussian bell to the kernel grid (choose an arbitrary e.g. sigma = 1and an arbitrary range e.g. -2*sigma ... 2*sigma) and normalize it, s.t. the elements sum to one. To achieve this, if you want to support arbitrary kernel sizes, you might want to adapt the sigma to the required kernel size.

要计算实际的内核元素，您可以将高斯钟形缩放到内核网格（选择任意 egsigma = 1和任意范围 eg -2*sigma ... 2*sigma）并将其归一化， st 元素总和为 1。为了实现这一点，如果您想支持任意内核大小，您可能需要使 sigma 适应所需的内核大小。

Here's a C++ example:

这是一个 C++ 示例：

#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

double gaussian( double x, double mu, double sigma ) {
    const double a = ( x - mu ) / sigma;
    return std::exp( -0.5 * a * a );
}

typedef std::vector<double> kernel_row;
typedef std::vector<kernel_row> kernel_type;

kernel_type produce2dGaussianKernel (int kernelRadius) {
  double sigma = kernelRadius/2.;
  kernel_type kernel2d(2*kernelRadius+1, kernel_row(2*kernelRadius+1));
  double sum = 0;
  // compute values
  for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++)
    for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++) {
      double x = gaussian(row, kernelRadius, sigma)
               * gaussian(col, kernelRadius, sigma);
      kernel2d[row][col] = x;
      sum += x;
    }
  // normalize
  for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++)
    for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
      kernel2d[row][col] /= sum;
  return kernel2d;
}

int main() {
  kernel_type kernel2d = produce2dGaussianKernel(3);
  std::cout << std::setprecision(5) << std::fixed;
  for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
    for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
      std::cout << kernel2d[row][col] << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
  }
}

The output is:

输出是：

$ g++ test.cc && ./a.out
0.00134 0.00408 0.00794 0.00992 0.00794 0.00408 0.00134 
0.00408 0.01238 0.02412 0.03012 0.02412 0.01238 0.00408 
0.00794 0.02412 0.04698 0.05867 0.04698 0.02412 0.00794 
0.00992 0.03012 0.05867 0.07327 0.05867 0.03012 0.00992 
0.00794 0.02412 0.04698 0.05867 0.04698 0.02412 0.00794 
0.00408 0.01238 0.02412 0.03012 0.02412 0.01238 0.00408 
0.00134 0.00408 0.00794 0.00992 0.00794 0.00408 0.00134 

As a simplification you don't need to use a 2d-kernel. Easier to implement and also more efficient to compute is to use two orthogonal 1d-kernels. This is possible due to the associativity of this type of a linear convolution (linear separability). You may also want to see this sectionof the corresponding wikipedia article.

为简化起见，您不需要使用 2d 内核。使用两个正交的一维内核更容易实现并且计算效率也更高。由于这种类型的线性卷积（线性可分离性）的关联性，这是可能的。您可能还想查看相应维基百科文章的这一部分。

---

---

Here's the same in Python (in the hope someone might find it useful):

在 Python 中也是如此（希望有人会发现它有用）：

from math import exp

def gaussian(x, mu, sigma):
  return exp( -(((x-mu)/(sigma))**2)/2.0 )

#kernel_height, kernel_width = 7, 7
kernel_radius = 3 # for an 7x7 filter
sigma = kernel_radius/2. # for [-2*sigma, 2*sigma]

# compute the actual kernel elements
hkernel = [gaussian(x, kernel_radius, sigma) for x in range(2*kernel_radius+1)]
vkernel = [x for x in hkernel]
kernel2d = [[xh*xv for xh in hkernel] for xv in vkernel]

# normalize the kernel elements
kernelsum = sum([sum(row) for row in kernel2d])
kernel2d = [[x/kernelsum for x in row] for row in kernel2d]

for line in kernel2d:
  print ["%.3f" % x for x in line]

produces the kernel:

产生内核：

['0.001', '0.004', '0.008', '0.010', '0.008', '0.004', '0.001']
['0.004', '0.012', '0.024', '0.030', '0.024', '0.012', '0.004']
['0.008', '0.024', '0.047', '0.059', '0.047', '0.024', '0.008']
['0.010', '0.030', '0.059', '0.073', '0.059', '0.030', '0.010']
['0.008', '0.024', '0.047', '0.059', '0.047', '0.024', '0.008']
['0.004', '0.012', '0.024', '0.030', '0.024', '0.012', '0.004']
['0.001', '0.004', '0.008', '0.010', '0.008', '0.004', '0.001']

回答by Vlad

Gaussian blur in python using PIL image library. For more info read this: http://blog.ivank.net/fastest-gaussian-blur.html

使用 PIL 图像库在 python 中进行高斯模糊。有关更多信息，请阅读：http: //blog.ivank.net/fastest-gaussian-blur.html

from PIL import Image
import math

# img = Image.open('input.jpg').convert('L')
# r = radiuss
def gauss_blur(img, r):
    imgData = list(img.getdata())

    bluredImg = Image.new(img.mode, img.size)
    bluredImgData = list(bluredImg.getdata())

    rs = int(math.ceil(r * 2.57))

    for i in range(0, img.height):
        for j in range(0, img.width):
            val = 0
            wsum = 0
            for iy in range(i - rs, i + rs + 1):
                for ix in range(j - rs, j + rs + 1):
                    x = min(img.width - 1, max(0, ix))
                    y = min(img.height - 1, max(0, iy))
                    dsq = (ix - j) * (ix - j) + (iy - i) * (iy - i)
                    weight = math.exp(-dsq / (2 * r * r)) / (math.pi * 2 * r * r)
                    val += imgData[y * img.width + x] * weight
                    wsum += weight 
            bluredImgData[i * img.width + j] = round(val / wsum)

    bluredImg.putdata(bluredImgData)
    return bluredImg

回答by Panfeng Li

 function kernel = gauss_kernel(m, n, sigma)
 % Generating Gauss Kernel

 x = -(m-1)/2 : (m-1)/2;
 y = -(n-1)/2 : (n-1)/2;

 for i = 1:m
     for j = 1:n
         xx(i,j) = x(i);
         yy(i,j) = y(j);
     end
 end

 kernel = exp(-(xx.*xx + yy.*yy)/(2*sigma*sigma));

 % Normalize the kernel
 kernel  = kernel/sum(kernel(:));

 % Corresponding function in MATLAB
 % fspecial('gaussian', [m n], sigma)

回答by ?ào Anh Xuyên

// my_test.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>

//https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8204645/implementing-gaussian-blur-how-to-calculate-convolution-matrix-kernel
//https://docs.opencv.org/2.4/modules/imgproc/doc/filtering.html#getgaussiankernel
//http://dev.theomader.com/gaussian-kernel-calculator/

double gaussian(double x, double mu, double sigma) {
    const double a = (x - mu) / sigma;
    return std::exp(-0.5 * a * a);
}

typedef std::vector<double> kernel_row;
typedef std::vector<kernel_row> kernel_type;

kernel_type produce2dGaussianKernel(int kernelRadius, double sigma) {
    kernel_type kernel2d(2 * kernelRadius + 1, kernel_row(2 * kernelRadius + 1));
    double sum = 0;
    // compute values
    for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++)
        for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++) {
            double x = gaussian(row, kernelRadius, sigma)
                * gaussian(col, kernelRadius, sigma);
            kernel2d[row][col] = x;
            sum += x;
        }
    // normalize
    for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++)
        for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            kernel2d[row][col] /= sum;
    return kernel2d;
}

char* gMatChar[10] = {
    "          ",
    "         ",
    "        ",
    "       ",
    "      ",
    "     ",
    "    ",
    "   ",
    "  ",
    " "
};

static int countSpace(float aValue)
{
    int count = 0;
    int value = (int)aValue;
    while (value > 9)
    {
        count++;
        value /= 10;
    }
    return count;
}

int main() {
    while (1)
    {
        char str1[80]; // window size
        char str2[80]; // sigma
        char str3[80]; // coefficient
        int space;

        int i, ch;
        printf("\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
        printf("Start generate Gaussian matrix\n");
        printf("-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
        // input window size
        printf("\nPlease enter window size (from 3 to 10) It should be odd (ksize/mod 2 = 1 ) and positive: Exit enter q \n");
        for (i = 0; (i < 80) && ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
            && (ch != '\n'); i++)
        {
            str1[i] = (char)ch;
        }

        // Terminate string with a null character
        str1[i] = '
import numpy as np
radius = 3
sigma = radius/2.

k = np.arange(2*radius +1)
row = np.exp( -(((k - radius)/(sigma))**2)/2.)
col = row.transpose()
out = np.outer(row, col)
out = out/np.sum(out)
for line in out:
    print(["%.3f" % x for x in line])
';
        if (str1[0] == 'q')
        {
            break;
        }
        int input1 = atoi(str1);
        int window_size = input1 / 2;
        printf("Input window_size was: %d\n", input1);

        // input sigma
        printf("Please enter sigma. Use default press Enter . Exit enter q \n");
        str2[0] = '0';
        for (i = 0; (i < 80) && ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
            && (ch != '\n'); i++)
        {
            str2[i] = (char)ch;
        }

        // Terminate string with a null character
        str2[i] = '##代码##';
        if (str2[0] == 'q')
        {
            break;
        }
        float input2 = atof(str2);
        float sigma;
        if (input2 == 0)
        {
            // Open-CV sigma ? Gaussian standard deviation. If it is non-positive, it is computed from ksize as sigma = 0.3*((ksize-1)*0.5 - 1) + 0.8 .
            sigma = 0.3*((input1 - 1)*0.5 - 1) + 0.8;
        }
        else
        {
            sigma = input2;
        }
        printf("Input sigma was: %f\n", sigma);

        // input Coefficient K
        printf("Please enter Coefficient K. Use default press Enter . Exit enter q \n");
        str3[0] = '0';
        for (i = 0; (i < 80) && ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
            && (ch != '\n'); i++)
        {
            str3[i] = (char)ch;
        }

        // Terminate string with a null character
        str3[i] = '##代码##';
        if (str3[0] == 'q')
        {
            break;
        }
        int input3 = atoi(str3);
        int cK;
        if (input3 == 0)
        {
            cK = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            cK = input3;
        }
        float sum_f = 0;
        float temp_f;
        int sum = 0;
        int temp;
        printf("Input Coefficient K was: %d\n", cK);

        printf("\nwindow size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK);

        kernel_type kernel2d = produce2dGaussianKernel(window_size, sigma);
        std::cout << std::setprecision(input1) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp_f = cK* kernel2d[row][col];
                sum_f += temp_f;
                space = countSpace(temp_f);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp_f << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %f | delta = %f", sum_f, sum_f - cK);

        // rounding
        printf("\nRecommend use round(): window size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK);
        sum = 0;
        std::cout << std::setprecision(0) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp = round(cK* kernel2d[row][col]);
                sum += temp;
                space = countSpace((float)temp);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %d | delta = %d", sum, sum - cK);

        // recommented
        sum_f = 0;
        int cK_d = 1 / kernel2d[0][0];
        cK_d = cK_d / 2 * 2;
        printf("\nRecommend: window size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK_d);
        std::cout << std::setprecision(input1) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp_f = cK_d* kernel2d[row][col];
                sum_f += temp_f;
                space = countSpace(temp_f);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp_f << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %f | delta = %f", sum_f, sum_f - cK_d);

        // rounding
        printf("\nRecommend use round(): window size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK_d);
        sum = 0;
        std::cout << std::setprecision(0) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp = round(cK_d* kernel2d[row][col]);
                sum += temp;
                space = countSpace((float)temp);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %d | delta = %d", sum, sum - cK_d);

    }
}

回答by Metal3d

OK, a late answer but in case of...

好的，一个迟到的答案，但万一......

Using the @moooeeeep answer, but with numpy;

使用@moooeeeeep 答案，但使用 numpy；

##代码##

Just a bit less of lines.

只是少了一点线。