Linux 您如何仅针对特定类型的文件区分目录？
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How do you diff a directory for only files of a specific type?
提问by de_3
I have a question about the diff command if I want a recursive directory diff but only for a specific file type, how to do that?
我有一个关于 diff 命令的问题，如果我想要一个递归目录 diff 但只针对特定的文件类型，该怎么做？
I tried using the exclude option but can only use one pattern only:
我尝试使用 exclude 选项，但只能使用一种模式：
$ diff /destination/dir/1 /destination/dir/2 -r -x *.xml
with the command I can only exclude xml file type, even though there are files in the folder image type (png, gif, jpg), txt, php, etc
使用命令我只能排除 xml 文件类型，即使文件夹图像类型 ( png, gif, jpg), txt, php, 等中有文件
how to diff only certain file types.
如何仅区分某些文件类型。
采纳答案by Paused until further notice.
You can specify -xmore than once.
您可以指定-x多次。
diff -x '*.foo' -x '*.bar' -x '*.baz' /destination/dir/1 /destination/dir/2
From the Comparing Directories section of info diff(on my system, I have to do info -f /usr/share/info/diff.info.gz):
从比较目录部分info diff（在我的系统上，我必须这样做info -f /usr/share/info/diff.info.gz）：
To ignore some files while comparing directories, use the '-x PATTERN' or '--exclude=PATTERN' option. This option ignores any files or subdirectories whose base names match the shell pattern PATTERN. Unlike in the shell, a period at the start of the base of a file name matches a wildcard at the start of a pattern. You should enclose PATTERN in quotes so that the shell does not expand it. For example, the option -x '*.[ao]'ignores any file whose name ends with '.a' or '.o'.
This option accumulates if you specify it more than once. For example, using the options -x 'RCS' -x '*,v'ignores any file or subdirectory whose base name is 'RCS' or ends with ',v'.
要在比较目录时忽略某些文件，请使用“-x PATTERN”或“--exclude=PATTERN”选项。此选项忽略基本名称与外壳模式 PATTERN 匹配的任何文件或子目录。与 shell 不同，文件名基址开头的句点与模式开头的通配符匹配。您应该将 PATTERN 括在引号中，以便 shell 不会扩展它。例如，选项-x '*.[ao]'忽略名称以 '.a' 或 '.o' 结尾的任何文件。
如果您多次指定此选项，则会累积。例如，使用选项-x 'RCS' -x '*,v' 将忽略基本名称为 'RCS' 或以 ',v' 结尾的任何文件或子目录。
回答by jamesbtate
Taken from ( a version of) the man page:
取自（一个版本）手册页：
-x PAT --exclude=PAT
Exclude files that match PAT.
-X FILE --exclude-from=FILE
Exclude files that match any pattern in FILE.
So it looks like -xonly accepts one pattern as you report but if you put all the patterns you want to exclude in a file (presumably one per line) you could use the second flag like so:
所以它看起来-x只接受你报告的一种模式，但如果你把所有你想排除的模式放在一个文件中（大概每行一个），你可以像这样使用第二个标志：
$ diff /destination/dir/1 /destination/dir/2 -r -X exclude.pats
where exclude.pats is:
其中 exclude.pats 是：
*.jpg
*.JPG
*.xml
*.XML
*.png
*.gif
回答by Rafiz
In case you find it convenient, you could use the following Makefile. Just run: "make patch"
如果您觉得方便，可以使用以下Makefile. 只需运行：“制作补丁”
#Makefile for patches
#Exlude following file endings
SUFFIX += o
SUFFIX += so
SUFFIX += exe
SUFFIX += pdf
SUFFIX += swp
#Exlude following folders
FOLDER += bin
FOLDER += lib
FOLDER += Image
FOLDER += models
OPTIONS = Naur
patch:
rm test.patch
diff -$(OPTIONS) \
$(foreach element, $(SUFFIX) , -x '*.$(element)') \
$(foreach element, $(FOLDER) , -x '$(element)*') \
org/ new/ > test.patch
unpatch:
rm test.unpatch
diff -$(OPTIONS) \
$(foreach element, $(SUFFIX) , -x '*.$(element)') \
$(foreach element, $(FOLDER) , -x '$(element)*') \
new/ org/ > test.unpatch
回答by Jerry Miller
The lack of a complementary --include makes it necessary to use such convoluted heuristic patterns as
缺乏互补的 --include 使得有必要使用这种复杂的启发式模式，如
*.[A-Zb-ik-uw-z]*
to find (mostly) java files!
查找（主要是）java 文件！
回答by Alex
If you want to differ sources and keep it simple:
如果您想要不同的来源并保持简单：
diff -rqx "*.a" -x "*.o" -x "*.d" ./PATH1 ./PATH2 | grep "\.cpp " | grep "^Files"
Remove the last grep if you want to get the files which exist in only one of the paths.
如果您想获取仅存在于其中一个路径中的文件，请删除最后一个 grep。
回答by Sérgio
The lack of a complementary --include ... .
缺乏互补的 --include ... 。
We can do one workaround, a exclude file with all files but what we want include. So we create file1with a find all files which don't have extensions that we want include, sedcatch the filename and is just :
我们可以做一种解决方法，一个包含所有文件但我们想要包含的文件的排除文件。所以我们创建file1了一个 find 所有没有我们想要包含的扩展sed名的文件，捕获文件名，只是：
diff --exclude-from=file1 PATH1/ PATH2/
For example:
例如：
find PATH1/ -type f | grep --text -vP "php$|html$" | sed 's/.*\///' | sort -u > file1
diff PATH1/ PATH2/ -rq -X file1
回答by Alex Harui
You can also use find with -exec to call diff:
您还可以使用带有 -exec 的 find 来调用 diff：
cd /destination/dir/1
find . -name *.xml -exec diff {} /destination/dir/2/{} \;
回答by Mikhail Golubitsky
I used the following command to find the diff of all *.tmplfiles between DIR1and DIR2. In my case this didn't yield any false positives, but it may for you, depending on the contents of your DIRS.
我使用以下命令查找和*.tmpl之间所有文件的差异。在我的情况下，这不会产生任何误报，但它可能适合您，具体取决于您的 DIRS 的内容。DIR1DIR2
diff --brief DIR1 DIR2 | grep tmpl
diff --brief DIR1 DIR2 | grep tmpl
回答by Cez
Whilst it does not avoid the actual diffof other files, if your goal is to produce a patch file, or similar then you can use filterdifffrom the patchutilspackage, e.g. to patch only your .pychanges:
虽然它不会避免diff其他文件的实际情况，但如果您的目标是生成补丁文件或类似文件，那么您可以filterdiff从patchutils包中使用，例如仅修补您的.py更改：
diff -ruNp /path/1 /path/2 | filterdiff -i "*.py" | tee /path/to/file.patch
