如何使用 Bash 将一个目录合并到另一个目录中？
声明：本页面是StackOverFlow热门问题的中英对照翻译，遵循CC BY-SA 4.0协议，如果您需要使用它，必须同样遵循CC BY-SA许可，注明原文地址和作者信息，同时你必须将它归于原作者（不是我）：StackOverFlow
原文地址: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4572225/
Warning: these are provided under cc-by-sa 4.0 license. You are free to use/share it, But you must attribute it to the original authors (not me):
StackOverFlow
How do I merge one directory into another using Bash?
提问by NVI
I'm looking for shell script that merge files from one directory into another.
我正在寻找将文件从一个目录合并到另一个目录的 shell 脚本。
Sample:
样本：
html/
a/
b.html
index.html
html_new/
a/
b2.html
b.html
Usage:
用法：
./mergedirs.sh html html_new
Result:
结果：
html/
a/
b.html
b2.html
index.html
html/a/b.htmlwas replaced by html_new/a/b.htmlhtml/a/b2.htmlwas copied from html_new/a/b2.htmlhtml/index.htmlwas kept untouched
html/a/b.html被替换为html_new/a/b.htmlhtml/a/b2.html被复制自html_new/a/b2.htmlhtml/index.html保持不变
回答by Flimm
cp -RT source/ destination/
All files and directories in sourcewill end up in destination. For example, source/file1will be copied to destination/file1.
中的所有文件和目录都source将以destination. 例如，source/file1将复制到destination/file1.
The -Tflag stops source/file1from being copied to destination/source/file1instead. (Unfortunately, cpon macOS does not support the -Tflag.)
该-T标志不再source/file1被复制到destination/source/file1。（遗憾的是，cp在 macOS 上不支持该-T标志。）
回答by Luke Maurer
You probably just want cp -R $1/* $2/— that's a recursive copy.
您可能只是想要cp -R $1/* $2/- 这是一个递归副本。
(If there might be hidden files (those whose names begin with a dot), you should prefix that command with shopt -s dotglob;to be sure they get matched.)
（如果可能存在隐藏文件（名称以点开头的文件），您应该在该命令前加上前缀shopt -s dotglob;以确保它们匹配。）
回答by CarlG
Take a look att rsync
看看 rsync
rsync --recursive html/ html_new/
Rsync got alot of flags to set so look at rsync manpage for details
Rsync 需要设置很多标志，请查看 rsync 联机帮助页了解详细信息
回答by Gavster
Just use rsync - it's a great tool for local file copy and merging in addition to remote copying.
只需使用 rsync - 除了远程复制之外，它还是本地文件复制和合并的绝佳工具。
rsync -av /path/to/source_folder/ /path/to/destination_folder/
Note that the trailing slash on the source folder is necessary to copy only the contents of source_folder to the destination. If you leave it off, it will copy the source_folder andit's contents, which is probably not what you are looking for since you want to merge folders.
请注意，源文件夹上的尾部斜杠是仅将 source_folder 的内容复制到目标所必需的。如果您不使用它，它将复制 source_folder及其内容，这可能不是您要查找的内容，因为您要合并文件夹。
回答by rowanthorpe
Even though this question and its accepted answer are ancient, I am adding my answer because the presently existing ones using cpeither don't handle some edge-cases or require working interactively. Often edge-cases/scriptability/portability/multiple-sources don't matter though, in which case simplicity wins, and it is better to use cpdirectly with less flags (as in other answers) to reduce cognitive load - but for those othertimes (or for a robustly reusable function) this invocation/function is useful, and incidentally isn't bash-specific (I realise this question was about bash though, so that's just a bonus in this case). Some flags can be abbreviated (e.g. with -a), but I have included all explicitly in long-form (except for -R, see below) for the sake of explanation. Obviously just remove any flags if there is some feature you specifically don'twant (or you are on a non-posix OS, or your version of cpdoesn't process that flag - I tested this on GNU coreutils 8.25's cp):
尽管这个问题及其公认的答案很古老，但我还是要添加我的答案，因为目前使用的答案cp要么不处理某些边缘情况，要么需要交互工作。通常边缘情况/脚本性/可移植性/多源并不重要，在这种情况下，简单性获胜，最好cp直接使用较少的标志（如在其他答案中）以减少认知负荷 - 但对于其他时间（或者对于一个健壮的可重用函数）这个调用/函数很有用，顺便说一句，它不是特定于 bash 的（我意识到这个问题是关于 bash 的，所以在这种情况下这只是一个奖励）。一些标志可以缩写（如用-a），但我已经包括了所有明确的长篇（除-R，见下文）以供解释。显然，如果有一些您特别不想要的功能（或者您使用的是非 posix 操作系统，或者您的版本cp不处理该标志 - 我在 GNU coreutils 8.25 上对此进行了测试），显然只需删除任何标志cp：
mergedirs() {
_retval=0
_dest=""
shift
yes | \
for _src do
cp -R --no-dereference --preserve=all --force --one-file-system \
--no-target-directory "${_src}/" "$_dest" || { _retval=1; break; }
done 2>/dev/null
return $_retval
}
mergedirs destination source-1 [source-2 source-3 ...]
Explanation:
解释：
-R: has subtly different semantics from-r/--recursiveon some systems (particularly with respect to special files in source dirs) as explained in this answer--no-dereference: never follow symbolic links in SOURCE--preserve=all: preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all--force: if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again--one-file-system: stay on this file system--no-target-directory: treat DEST as a normal file (explained in in this answer, namely:If you do a recursive copy and the source is a directory, then cp -T copies the content of the source into the destination, rather than copying the source itself.)- [piped input from
yes]: even with--force, in this particular recursive modecpstill asks before clobbering each file, so we achieve non-interactiveness by piping output fromyesto it - [piped output to
/dev/null]: this is to silence the messy string of questions along the lines ofcp: overwrite 'xx'? - [return-val & early exit]: this ensures the loop exits as soon as there is a failed copy, and returns
1if there was an error
-R：如本答案中所述，与某些系统上的-r/语义略有不同--recursive（特别是关于源目录中的特殊文件）--no-dereference：永远不要遵循 SOURCE 中的符号链接--preserve=all: 保留指定的属性（默认：模式、所有权、时间戳），如果可能的话附加属性：上下文、链接、xattr、所有--force: 如果无法打开现有目标文件，请将其删除并重试--one-file-system: 留在这个文件系统上--no-target-directory：治疗DEST作为一个正常的文件（在解释这个答案，即：If you do a recursive copy and the source is a directory, then cp -T copies the content of the source into the destination, rather than copying the source itself.）- [来自
yes] 的管道输入：即使使用--force，在这种特定的递归模式下cp仍然会在破坏每个文件之前询问，因此我们通过管道输出yes到它来实现非交互性 - [管道输出到
/dev/null]：这是为了让一连串混乱的问题保持沉默cp: overwrite 'xx'? - [return-val & early exit]：这确保循环一旦有失败的副本就退出，
1如果有错误则返回
BTW:
顺便提一句：
- A funky new flag which I also use with this on my system is
--reflink=autofor doing so-called "light copies" (copy-on-write, with the same speed benefits as hard-linking, and the same size benefits until and in inverse proportion to how much the files diverge in the future). This flag is accepted in recent GNUcp, and does more than a no-op with compatible filesystems on recent Linux kernels. YMWV-a-lot on other systems.
- 我也在我的系统上使用了一个时髦的新标志，
--reflink=auto用于进行所谓的“轻拷贝”（写时拷贝，具有与硬链接相同的速度优势，并且相同大小的优势直到和成反比到将来文件有多大差异）。这个标志在最近的 GNU 中被接受cp，并且在最近的 Linux 内核上对兼容的文件系统做了更多的无操作。YMWV-很多在其他系统上。
回答by DVK
Wouldn't cp -rwork?
会不会cp -r工作？
cp -r html_new/* html
or (since the first version won't copy ".something" files)
或（因为第一个版本不会复制“.something”文件）
cd html_new; cp -r . ../html
Please note that -rreads from pipesif any of the files in the copied directory are pipes. To avoid that, use -Rinstead.
请注意，如果复制目录中的任何文件是管道，-r则从管道读取。为避免这种情况，请-R改用。
回答by Brian Clapper
cd html
cp -r . /path/to/html_new
