C语言 如何制作具有透明背景的 OpenGL 渲染上下文？
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原文地址: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4052940/
Warning: these are provided under cc-by-sa 4.0 license. You are free to use/share it, But you must attribute it to the original authors (not me):
StackOverFlow
How to make an OpenGL rendering context with transparent background?
提问by karlphillip
Rendering contexts usually have a solid color on the background (black or whatever, see the image below):
渲染上下文通常在背景上具有纯色（黑色或其他颜色，请参见下图）：
I'm wondering if it's possible to setup a window, with no decorations AND with the transparent background, while allowing me to render OpenGL stuff on it.
我想知道是否可以设置一个没有装饰和透明背景的窗口，同时允许我在其上渲染 OpenGL 内容。
This would give the illusion that the triangle is floating on the screen. The transparent background should allow you to see the desktop or other applications that might be behind it.
这会给人一种三角形漂浮在屏幕上的错觉。透明背景应该允许您看到桌面或它后面可能的其他应用程序。
Could you please exemplify with source code?
你能用源代码举例说明吗？
Platform: Windows (win32 only)
平台：Windows（仅限win32）
采纳答案by karlphillip
After spending some reputation on a unsuccessful bounty to get some helpon this issue, I finally realized how complex was the problem I was interested in.
在一个不成功的赏金上花费了一些声誉以在这个问题上获得一些帮助后，我终于意识到我感兴趣的问题是多么复杂。
The few individuals that have accomplished this task don't share much. During my research I found different ways to achieve what I was looking for. One of the most interesting ones is AeroGL, and it shows snippets of codeusing a technique that was not mentioned so far, which is rendering the graphics to a device-independent bitmap(DIB).
完成这项任务的少数人并没有分享太多。在我的研究过程中，我找到了不同的方法来实现我的目标。最有趣的一个是AeroGL，它使用一种迄今为止未提及的技术显示代码片段，该技术将图形渲染为与设备无关的位图(DIB)。
To close this thread permanently, the source code belowimplements that technique. The code itself is a slight modification of an application presented here(big thanks to Andrei Sapronov Y.).
要永久关闭此线程，下面的源代码实现了该技术。代码本身是对此处介绍的应用程序的轻微修改（非常感谢Andrei Sapronov Y.）。
The end result can be seen in the image below:
最终结果如下图所示：
The code has been tested on Windows XP (32-bits) and Windows 8.1 (32-bits). Enjoy!
该代码已在 Windows XP（32 位）和 Windows 8.1（32 位）上进行了测试。 享受！
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500
#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")
#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#ifdef assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif
const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("WS_EX_LAYERED OpenGL");
HDC hDC;
HGLRC m_hrc;
int w(240);
int h(240);
HDC pdcDIB;
HBITMAP hbmpDIB;
void *bmp_cnt(NULL);
int cxDIB(0);
int cyDIB(0);
BITMAPINFOHEADER BIH;
BOOL initSC()
{
glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
return 0;
}
void resizeSC(int width,int height)
{
glViewport(0,0,width,height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
glLoadIdentity();
}
BOOL renderSC()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();
glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); // Drawing Using Triangles
glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Red
glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); // Top
glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Green
glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Left
glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // Set The Color To Blue
glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Right
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
return 0;
}
// DIB -> hDC
void draw(HDC pdcDest)
{
assert(pdcDIB);
verify(BitBlt(pdcDest, 0, 0, w, h, pdcDIB, 0, 0, SRCCOPY));
}
void CreateDIB(int cx, int cy)
{
assert(cx > 0);
assert(cy > 0);
cxDIB = cx ;
cyDIB = cy ;
int iSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
memset(&BIH, 0, iSize);
BIH.biSize = iSize;
BIH.biWidth = cx;
BIH.biHeight = cy;
BIH.biPlanes = 1;
BIH.biBitCount = 24;
BIH.biCompression = BI_RGB;
if(pdcDIB)
verify(DeleteDC(pdcDIB));
pdcDIB = CreateCompatibleDC(NULL);
assert(pdcDIB);
if(hbmpDIB)
verify(DeleteObject(hbmpDIB));
hbmpDIB = CreateDIBSection(
pdcDIB,
(BITMAPINFO*)&BIH,
DIB_RGB_COLORS,
&bmp_cnt,
NULL,
0);
assert(hbmpDIB);
assert(bmp_cnt);
if(hbmpDIB)
SelectObject(pdcDIB, hbmpDIB);
}
BOOL CreateHGLRC()
{
DWORD dwFlags = PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DRAW_TO_BITMAP;
PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd ;
memset(&pfd,0, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR)) ;
pfd.nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR);
pfd.nVersion = 1;
pfd.dwFlags = dwFlags ;
pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA ;
pfd.cColorBits = 24 ;
pfd.cDepthBits = 32 ;
pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE ;
int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(pdcDIB, &pfd);
if (PixelFormat == 0){
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(pdcDIB, PixelFormat, &pfd);
if (bResult==FALSE){
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
m_hrc = wglCreateContext(pdcDIB);
if (!m_hrc){
assert(0);
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
switch(msg)
{
case WM_ERASEBKGND:
return 0;
break;
case WM_CREATE:
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
if(m_hrc)
{
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
}
PostQuitMessage(0) ;
break;
case WM_PAINT:
hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
renderSC(); // OpenGL -> DIB
draw(hDC); // DIB -> hDC
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
break;
case WM_SIZE:
w = LOWORD(lParam); h = HIWORD(lParam);
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(m_hrc);
CreateDIB(w, h);
CreateHGLRC();
verify(wglMakeCurrent(pdcDIB, m_hrc));
initSC();
resizeSC(w, h);
renderSC();
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}
return 0;
}
int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode)
{
WNDCLASSEX wc;
memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW);
wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc))
{
MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_LAYERED, szAppName, wcWndName,
WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);
if(!hWnd){
MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
verify(SetLayeredWindowAttributes(hWnd, 0x0, 0, LWA_COLORKEY));
MSG msg;
while(1)
{
while (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_NOREMOVE)){
if (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else return 0;
}
}
return (FALSE);
}
回答by datenwolf
Since all the answers given so far target Windows only, but there's surely also a demand doing this on X11 with a composited window manager, for reference I post my example code here (also to be found at https://github.com/datenwolf/codesamples/blob/master/samples/OpenGL/x11argb_opengl/x11argb_opengl.c
由于到目前为止给出的所有答案仅针对 Windows，但肯定也有需求在 X11 上使用复合窗口管理器执行此操作，作为参考，我在此处发布我的示例代码（也可在https://github.com/datenwolf上找到）/codesamples/blob/master/samples/OpenGL/x11argb_opengl/x11argb_opengl.c
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
* A demonstration of OpenGL in a ARGB window
* => support for composited window transparency
*
* (c) 2011 by Wolfgang 'datenwolf' Draxinger
* See me at comp.graphics.api.opengl and StackOverflow.com
* License agreement: This source code is provided "as is". You
* can use this source code however you want for your own personal
* use. If you give this source code to anybody else then you must
* leave this message in it.
*
* This program is based on the simplest possible
* Linux OpenGL program by FTB (see info below)
The simplest possible Linux OpenGL program? Maybe...
(c) 2002 by FTB. See me in comp.graphics.api.opengl
--
<\___/>
/ O O \
\_____/ FTB.
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>
#include <GL/glxext.h>
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
#include <X11/extensions/Xrender.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
#define USE_CHOOSE_FBCONFIG
static void fatalError(const char *why)
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s", why);
exit(0x666);
}
static int Xscreen;
static Atom del_atom;
static Colormap cmap;
static Display *Xdisplay;
static XVisualInfo *visual;
static XRenderPictFormat *pict_format;
static GLXFBConfig *fbconfigs, fbconfig;
static int numfbconfigs;
static GLXContext render_context;
static Window Xroot, window_handle;
static GLXWindow glX_window_handle;
static int width, height;
static int VisData[] = {
GLX_RENDER_TYPE, GLX_RGBA_BIT,
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE, GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, True,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 8,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,
None
};
static int isExtensionSupported(const char *extList, const char *extension)
{
const char *start;
const char *where, *terminator;
/* Extension names should not have spaces. */
where = strchr(extension, ' ');
if ( where || *extension == 'DWORD style = ::GetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE);
style &= ~WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW;
style |= WS_POPUP;
::SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE, style);
' )
return 0;
/* It takes a bit of care to be fool-proof about parsing the
OpenGL extensions string. Don't be fooled by sub-strings,
etc. */
for ( start = extList; ; ) {
where = strstr( start, extension );
if ( !where )
break;
terminator = where + strlen( extension );
if ( where == start || *(where - 1) == ' ' )
if ( *terminator == ' ' || *terminator == 'DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE;
bb.fEnable = true;
bb.hRgnBlur = NULL;
DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);
' )
return 1;
start = terminator;
}
return 0;
}
static Bool WaitForMapNotify(Display *d, XEvent *e, char *arg)
{
return d && e && arg && (e->type == MapNotify) && (e->xmap.window == *(Window*)arg);
}
static void describe_fbconfig(GLXFBConfig fbconfig)
{
int doublebuffer;
int red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits;
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, &doublebuffer);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RED_SIZE, &red_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_GREEN_SIZE, &green_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_BLUE_SIZE, &blue_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, &alpha_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, &depth_bits);
fprintf(stderr, "FBConfig selected:\n"
"Doublebuffer: %s\n"
"Red Bits: %d, Green Bits: %d, Blue Bits: %d, Alpha Bits: %d, Depth Bits: %d\n",
doublebuffer == True ? "Yes" : "No",
red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits);
}
static void createTheWindow()
{
XEvent event;
int x,y, attr_mask;
XSizeHints hints;
XWMHints *startup_state;
XTextProperty textprop;
XSetWindowAttributes attr = {0,};
static char *title = "FTB's little OpenGL example - ARGB extension by WXD";
Xdisplay = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
if (!Xdisplay) {
fatalError("Couldn't connect to X server\n");
}
Xscreen = DefaultScreen(Xdisplay);
Xroot = RootWindow(Xdisplay, Xscreen);
fbconfigs = glXChooseFBConfig(Xdisplay, Xscreen, VisData, &numfbconfigs);
fbconfig = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<numfbconfigs; i++) {
visual = (XVisualInfo*) glXGetVisualFromFBConfig(Xdisplay, fbconfigs[i]);
if(!visual)
continue;
pict_format = XRenderFindVisualFormat(Xdisplay, visual->visual);
if(!pict_format)
continue;
fbconfig = fbconfigs[i];
if(pict_format->direct.alphaMask > 0) {
break;
}
}
if(!fbconfig) {
fatalError("No matching FB config found");
}
describe_fbconfig(fbconfig);
/* Create a colormap - only needed on some X clients, eg. IRIX */
cmap = XCreateColormap(Xdisplay, Xroot, visual->visual, AllocNone);
attr.colormap = cmap;
attr.background_pixmap = None;
attr.border_pixmap = None;
attr.border_pixel = 0;
attr.event_mask =
StructureNotifyMask |
EnterWindowMask |
LeaveWindowMask |
ExposureMask |
ButtonPressMask |
ButtonReleaseMask |
OwnerGrabButtonMask |
KeyPressMask |
KeyReleaseMask;
attr_mask =
CWBackPixmap|
CWColormap|
CWBorderPixel|
CWEventMask;
width = DisplayWidth(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
height = DisplayHeight(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
x=width/2, y=height/2;
window_handle = XCreateWindow( Xdisplay,
Xroot,
x, y, width, height,
0,
visual->depth,
InputOutput,
visual->visual,
attr_mask, &attr);
if( !window_handle ) {
fatalError("Couldn't create the window\n");
}
#if USE_GLX_CREATE_WINDOW
int glXattr[] = { None };
glX_window_handle = glXCreateWindow(Xdisplay, fbconfig, window_handle, glXattr);
if( !glX_window_handle ) {
fatalError("Couldn't create the GLX window\n");
}
#else
glX_window_handle = window_handle;
#endif
textprop.value = (unsigned char*)title;
textprop.encoding = XA_STRING;
textprop.format = 8;
textprop.nitems = strlen(title);
hints.x = x;
hints.y = y;
hints.width = width;
hints.height = height;
hints.flags = USPosition|USSize;
startup_state = XAllocWMHints();
startup_state->initial_state = NormalState;
startup_state->flags = StateHint;
XSetWMProperties(Xdisplay, window_handle,&textprop, &textprop,
NULL, 0,
&hints,
startup_state,
NULL);
XFree(startup_state);
XMapWindow(Xdisplay, window_handle);
XIfEvent(Xdisplay, &event, WaitForMapNotify, (char*)&window_handle);
if ((del_atom = XInternAtom(Xdisplay, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", 0)) != None) {
XSetWMProtocols(Xdisplay, window_handle, &del_atom, 1);
}
}
static int ctxErrorHandler( Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ev )
{
fputs("Error at context creation", stderr);
return 0;
}
static void createTheRenderContext()
{
int dummy;
if (!glXQueryExtension(Xdisplay, &dummy, &dummy)) {
fatalError("OpenGL not supported by X server\n");
}
#if USE_GLX_CREATE_CONTEXT_ATTRIB
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2091
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2092
render_context = NULL;
if( isExtensionSupported( glXQueryExtensionsString(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay)), "GLX_ARB_create_context" ) ) {
typedef GLXContext (*glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)(Display*, GLXFBConfig, GLXContext, Bool, const int*);
glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc glXCreateContextAttribsARB = (glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)glXGetProcAddressARB( (const GLubyte *) "glXCreateContextAttribsARB" );
if( glXCreateContextAttribsARB ) {
int context_attribs[] =
{
GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
//GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB , GLX_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
None
};
int (*oldHandler)(Display*, XErrorEvent*) = XSetErrorHandler(&ctxErrorHandler);
render_context = glXCreateContextAttribsARB( Xdisplay, fbconfig, 0, True, context_attribs );
XSync( Xdisplay, False );
XSetErrorHandler( oldHandler );
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB failed", stderr);
} else {
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB could not be retrieved", stderr);
}
} else {
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB not supported", stderr);
}
if(!render_context)
{
#else
{
#endif
render_context = glXCreateNewContext(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RGBA_TYPE, 0, True);
if (!render_context) {
fatalError("Failed to create a GL context\n");
}
}
if (!glXMakeContextCurrent(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle, glX_window_handle, render_context)) {
fatalError("glXMakeCurrent failed for window\n");
}
}
static int updateTheMessageQueue()
{
XEvent event;
XConfigureEvent *xc;
while (XPending(Xdisplay))
{
XNextEvent(Xdisplay, &event);
switch (event.type)
{
case ClientMessage:
if (event.xclient.data.l[0] == del_atom)
{
return 0;
}
break;
case ConfigureNotify:
xc = &(event.xconfigure);
width = xc->width;
height = xc->height;
break;
}
}
return 1;
}
/* 6----7
/| /|
3----2 |
| 5--|-4
|/ |/
0----1
*/
GLfloat cube_vertices[][8] = {
/* X Y Z Nx Ny Nz S T */
{-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 0
{ 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 1
{ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 2
{-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 3
{ 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 4
{-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 5
{-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 6
{ 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 7
{-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
{-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 0
{-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 3
{-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6
{ 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 1
{ 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
{ 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
{ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 2
{-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
{ 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
{ 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 1
{-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 0
{-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 3
{ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 2
{ 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
{-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6
};
static void draw_cube(void)
{
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][0]);
glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][3]);
glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][6]);
glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 24);
}
float const light0_dir[]={0,1,0,0};
float const light0_color[]={78./255., 80./255., 184./255.,1};
float const light1_dir[]={-1,1,1,0};
float const light1_color[]={255./255., 220./255., 97./255.,1};
float const light2_dir[]={0,-1,0,0};
float const light2_color[]={31./255., 75./255., 16./255.,1};
static void redrawTheWindow()
{
float const aspect = (float)width / (float)height;
static float a=0;
static float b=0;
static float c=0;
glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
// Clear with alpha = 0.0, i.e. full transparency
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glFrustum(-aspect, aspect, -1, 1, 2.5, 10);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_dir);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light0_color);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, light1_dir);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, light1_color);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, light2_dir);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_DIFFUSE, light2_color);
glTranslatef(0., 0., -5.);
glRotatef(a, 1, 0, 0);
glRotatef(b, 0, 1, 0);
glRotatef(c, 0, 0, 1);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT1);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);
glColor4f(1., 1., 1., 0.5);
glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
draw_cube();
glCullFace(GL_BACK);
draw_cube();
a = fmod(a+0.1, 360.);
b = fmod(b+0.5, 360.);
c = fmod(c+0.25, 360.);
glXSwapBuffers(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
createTheWindow();
createTheRenderContext();
while (updateTheMessageQueue()) {
redrawTheWindow();
}
return 0;
}
The main trick is getting the right FBConfig. You need to ask for a alpha channel andtest the associated XRenderPictFormatfor the presence of an alpha mask.
主要技巧是获得正确的 FBConfig。您需要请求一个 alpha 通道并测试相关联XRenderPictFormat的 alpha 蒙版的存在。
回答by flashk
I know this is possible with Windows 7, not sure about earlier versions.
我知道这在 Windows 7 中是可能的，但不确定早期版本。
To get rid of the window border you need to remove the WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOWstyle from the window and add the WS_POPUPstyle:
要摆脱窗口边框，您需要WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW从窗口中删除样式并添加WS_POPUP样式：
glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f);
To make the background of the OpenGL window transparent, you will need to use the DwmEnableBlurBehindWindowfunction:
要使 OpenGL 窗口的背景透明，您需要使用以下DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow函数：
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500
#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <dwmapi.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "dwmapi.lib")
#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#ifdef assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif
const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
HDC hDC;
HGLRC m_hrc;
int w = 240;
int h = 240;
BOOL initSC() {
glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
return 0;
}
void resizeSC(int width,int height) {
glViewport(0,0,width,height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
glLoadIdentity();
}
BOOL renderSC() {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();
glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); // Drawing Using Triangles
glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Red
glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); // Top
glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Green
glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Left
glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // Set The Color To Blue
glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Right
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
return 0;
}
BOOL CreateHGLRC(HWND hWnd) {
PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = {
sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR),
1, // Version Number
PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | // Format Must Support Window
PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | // Format Must Support OpenGL
PFD_SUPPORT_COMPOSITION | // Format Must Support Composition
PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER, // Must Support Double Buffering
PFD_TYPE_RGBA, // Request An RGBA Format
32, // Select Our Color Depth
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Color Bits Ignored
8, // An Alpha Buffer
0, // Shift Bit Ignored
0, // No Accumulation Buffer
0, 0, 0, 0, // Accumulation Bits Ignored
24, // 16Bit Z-Buffer (Depth Buffer)
8, // Some Stencil Buffer
0, // No Auxiliary Buffer
PFD_MAIN_PLANE, // Main Drawing Layer
0, // Reserved
0, 0, 0 // Layer Masks Ignored
};
HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(hdc, &pfd);
if (PixelFormat == 0) {
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(hdc, PixelFormat, &pfd);
if (bResult==FALSE) {
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
m_hrc = wglCreateContext(hdc);
if (!m_hrc){
assert(0);
return FALSE;
}
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
return TRUE;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
switch(msg) {
case WM_CREATE:
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
if(m_hrc) {
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
}
PostQuitMessage(0) ;
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}
return 0;
}
int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode) {
WNDCLASSEX wc;
memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)CreateSolidBrush(0x00000000);
wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, szAppName, wcWndName,
WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);
if(!hWnd) {
MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
HRGN hRgn = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, -1, -1);
bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE | DWM_BB_BLURREGION;
bb.hRgnBlur = hRgn;
bb.fEnable = TRUE;
DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);
CreateHGLRC(hWnd);
HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);
initSC();
resizeSC(w, h);
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
MSG msg;
while(1) {
if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else {
HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);
renderSC();
SwapBuffers(hdc);
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
}
}
return (FALSE);
}
You will also need to specify 0 for the alpha value when calling glClearColor.
调用 时，您还需要为 alpha 值指定 0 glClearColor。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <gdk/gdkscreen.h>
#include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h>
#include <gtk/gtkgl.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
static gboolean supports_alpha = FALSE;
/***
*** Configure the OpenGL framebuffer.
***/
static GdkGLConfig* configure_gl(void)
{
GdkGLConfig* glconfig;
/* Try double-buffered visual */
glconfig = gdk_gl_config_new_by_mode(GDK_GL_MODE_RGBA |
GDK_GL_MODE_ALPHA |
GDK_GL_MODE_DEPTH |
GDK_GL_MODE_DOUBLE);
if (glconfig == NULL)
{
printf("Cannot find the double-buffered visual.\n");
printf("No appropriate OpenGL-capable visual found.\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("Find GLConfig with alpha channel.\n");
return glconfig;
}
static void screen_changed(GtkWidget* widget, GdkScreen* old_screen, gpointer userdata)
{
/* To check if the display supports alpha channels, get the colormap */
GdkScreen* screen = gtk_widget_get_screen(widget);
GdkColormap* colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgba_colormap(screen);
if (!colormap)
{
printf("Your screen does not support alpha channels!\n");
colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgb_colormap(screen);
supports_alpha = FALSE;
}
else
{
printf("Your screen supports alpha channels!\n");
supports_alpha = TRUE;
}
gtk_widget_set_colormap(widget, colormap);
}
static gboolean expose(GtkWidget* widget, GdkEventExpose* event, gpointer userdata)
{
GdkGLContext* glcontext = gtk_widget_get_gl_context(widget);
GdkGLDrawable* gldrawable = gtk_widget_get_gl_drawable(widget);
if (!gdk_gl_drawable_gl_begin(gldrawable, glcontext))
{
return FALSE;
}
glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glColor4f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f);
glVertex3f(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0);
glVertex3f(+0.5f, -0.5f, 0);
glVertex3f(+0.5f, +0.5f, 0);
glVertex3f(-0.5f, +0.5f, 0);
glEnd();
gdk_gl_drawable_swap_buffers(gldrawable);
gdk_gl_drawable_gl_end(gldrawable);
return TRUE;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
gtk_init(&argc, &argv);
GtkWidget* window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
/* Added to config GLConfig */
GdkGLConfig* glconfig = configure_gl();
gtk_widget_set_gl_capability(window,
glconfig,
NULL,
TRUE,
GDK_GL_RGBA_TYPE);
gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 400, 400);
gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Alpha Demo");
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "delete-event", gtk_main_quit, NULL);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(expose), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "screen-changed", G_CALLBACK(screen_changed), NULL);
screen_changed(window, NULL, NULL);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
gtk_main();
return 0;
}
Also, when creating your OpenGL context, make sure you allocate an alpha channel.
此外，在创建 OpenGL 上下文时，请确保分配了一个 alpha 通道。
Now your background should be fully transparent. If you keep the window decorations, then the background will use the Aero blur look and you can adjust the level of transparency using the alpha value in glClearColor.
现在你的背景应该是完全透明的。如果您保留窗口装饰，则背景将使用 Aero 模糊外观，您可以使用 中的 alpha 值调整透明度级别glClearColor。
回答by wilkie
This is an old question, but since newer versions of Windows have compositing and support, as datenwolf hints, for opengl, we can use some of that special sauce for accomplishing this. Although it is also trivial with DirectX (go figure...) Microsoft did add compositing hints to opengl contexts. Yay anti-trust fears!
这是一个老问题，但由于较新版本的 Windows 具有合成和支持，正如 datenwolf 暗示的那样，对于 opengl，我们可以使用一些特殊的调味料来完成此任务。尽管 DirectX 也很简单（请看图...），但微软确实向 opengl 上下文添加了合成提示。是的，反垄断恐惧！
So instead of an inefficient copy-to-physical-memory action, we can have the compositing engine just understand how to make use of the opengl context.
因此，我们可以让合成引擎了解如何使用 opengl 上下文，而不是低效的复制到物理内存的操作。
So, you have to create an opengl context with a pixelformat that specifies an alpha channel and that it should use composition (line 82). Then, you use the DwmApi.h routines to enable a blurred window (line 179) with a completely invalid region specified, which will blur nothing and leave the window transparent. (You need to specify a black+transparent brush on the window class! Oddly!) Then, you actually just use opengl as you are used to using it. In the event loop, every chance you get, you can just draw and swap buffers (line 201) and remember to enable GL_BLEND! :)
因此，您必须使用指定 alpha 通道的像素格式创建一个 opengl 上下文，并且它应该使用组合（第 82 行）。然后，您使用 DwmApi.h 例程启用带有指定完全无效区域的模糊窗口（第 179 行），这将不会模糊任何内容并使窗口保持透明。（你需要在window类上指定一个黑色+透明的画笔！奇怪！）然后，你实际上只是按照习惯使用opengl。在事件循环中，只要有机会，就可以绘制和交换缓冲区（第 201 行）并记住启用 GL_BLEND！:)
Please review/fork https://gist.github.com/3644466or just view the following code snippet based off of the OP's own answer with this technique instead (you can just plop this in an empty project):
请查看/fork https://gist.github.com/3644466或仅查看以下代码片段，该代码片段基于 OP 自己使用此技术的答案（您可以将其放入空项目中）：
##代码##回答by Oystein
This would be very easy if OpenGL windows were allowed to be layered. But they are not, so you'll have to go for something else.
如果允许 OpenGL 窗口分层，这将非常容易。但他们不是，所以你必须去寻找别的东西。
What you could do is to create a layered window (WS_EX_LAYERED + SetLayeredWindowAttributes() - Google 'em if you don't know them) to handle the transparency, and a hidden OpenGL window for the rendering. Render the OpenGL scene to an off-screen buffer, read it back and share it with the layered window, then bitblt (GDI function) it to the layered window.
你可以做的是创建一个分层窗口（WS_EX_LAYERED + SetLayeredWindowAttributes() - 如果你不知道它们，请谷歌他们）来处理透明度，以及一个隐藏的 OpenGL 窗口用于渲染。将 OpenGL 场景渲染到离屏缓冲区，读回并与分层窗口共享，然后通过 bitblt（GDI 函数）将其传输到分层窗口。
This might be too slow for very complex stuff, but will give you the effect you are asking for, and work on Windows 2000 and above.
这对于非常复杂的东西来说可能太慢了，但会给你你所要求的效果，并且可以在 Windows 2000 及更高版本上工作。
EDIT: When it comes to creating the actual off-screen buffer, framebuffer objects (FBOs) are probably your best bet. You could just draw on the hidden OpenGL window, though I think I recall someone posting about running into troubles with that, because of pixel ownership - FBOs are recommended. You could also use pixel buffers (pbuffers), but these are kind of outdated (stamped "legacy"), and FBOs are considered the modern way to do this. FBOs should give you hardware acceleration (if supported), and won't itself limit you to a specific OpenGL version. You'll need an OpenGL context to use it, so you'll have to create that hidden OpenGL window and set up the FBO from there.
编辑：在创建实际的屏幕外缓冲区时，帧缓冲区对象 (FBO) 可能是您最好的选择。您可以在隐藏的 OpenGL 窗口上绘图，但我想我记得有人发帖说由于像素所有权而遇到麻烦 - 建议使用 FBO。您也可以使用像素缓冲区 (pbuffers)，但这些已经过时（标记为“legacy”），并且 FBO 被认为是实现此目的的现代方式。FBO 应该为您提供硬件加速（如果支持），并且本身不会限制您使用特定的 OpenGL 版本。您需要一个 OpenGL 上下文才能使用它，因此您必须创建隐藏的 OpenGL 窗口并从那里设置 FBO。
Here are some resources on FBOs:
Wikipedia
FBO
Gamedev article
Guide(for mac, but might be helpful)
以下是有关 FBO 的一些资源：
维基百科
FBO
Gamedev 文章
指南（适用于 Mac，但可能会有所帮助）
回答by hinchy
great set of demos with source taking you through step by step:
带有源代码的精彩演示集将带您逐步完成：
回答by Victor Marzo
You can render the 3d scene to a pbuffer and blit it to screen using a color key.
您可以将 3d 场景渲染到 pbuffer 并使用颜色键将其 blit 到屏幕。
回答by Wu Zhenwei
I know this is old, but I was trying to port the Xlib solution to Gtk+. After a lot of study I finally made it so I really want to share it here for anyone in need.
我知道这是旧的，但我试图将 Xlib 解决方案移植到 Gtk+。经过大量的研究，我终于做到了，所以我真的很想在这里分享给有需要的人。
##代码##Compiled with gcc main.c -o main `pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0 gtkglext-1.0`. Tested on Ubuntu 18.04 (in addition to gtk, you'll need to install libgtkglext1-dev).
与gcc main.c -o main `pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0 gtkglext-1.0`. 在 Ubuntu 18.04 上测试（除了 gtk，你还需要安装libgtkglext1-dev）。
EDIT
编辑
I changed the rendering code from simply a glClearto a rectangle.
我将渲染代码从简单的 aglClear更改为矩形。
The code is a modified version from this questionand also this question.
回答by rombust
The ClanLib game SDK does this.
ClanLib 游戏 SDK 就是这样做的。
If you only require a static transparent border use the following technique:
如果您只需要静态透明边框，请使用以下技术：
Creates 5 windows
创建 5 个窗口
AAAAA
AAAAA
B###C
公元前
B###C
公元前
DDDDD
滴滴滴
A,B,C,D are layered windows
A,B,C,D 是分层窗口
"#" is the main window.
“#”是主窗口。
See the images at the bottom of - http://clanlib.org/wiki/ClanLib_2.2.9_Release_Notes
查看底部的图像 - http://clanlib.org/wiki/ClanLib_2.2.9_Release_Notes
