git .gitignore 排除文件夹但包含特定的子文件夹

.gitignore exclude folder but include specific subfolder

提问by chchrist

I have the folder application/which I add to the .gitignore. Inside the application/folder is the folder application/language/gr. How can I include this folder?

我有application/我添加到.gitignore. application/文件夹里面是 文件夹application/language/gr。如何包含此文件夹？

I've tried this

我试过这个

application/
!application/language/gr/

with no luck...

没有运气...

回答by Chris Johnsen

If you exclude application/, then everything under it will always be excluded (even if some later negative exclusion pattern (“unignore”) might match something under application/).

如果您 exclude application/，则它下面的所有内容都将始终被排除（即使稍后的某些否定排除模式（“unignore”）可能与 下的某些内容匹配application/）。

To do what you want, you have to “unignore” every parent directory of anything that you want to “unignore”. Usually you end up writing rules for this situation in pairs: ignore everything in a directory, but not some certain subdirectory.

为了做你想做的事，你必须“忽略”你想要“忽略”的任何东西的每个父目录。通常你最终会成对地为这种情况编写规则：忽略目录中的所有内容，但不忽略某些特定的子目录。

# you can skip this first one if it is not already excluded by prior patterns
!application/

application/*
!application/language/

application/language/*
!application/language/gr/

Note
The trailing /*is significant:

注意
尾随/*很重要：

• The pattern dir/excludes a directory named dirand (implicitly) everything under it.
  With dir/, Git will never look at anything under dir, and thus will never apply any of the “un-exclude” patterns to anything under dir.
• The pattern dir/*says nothing about diritself; it just excludes everything under dir. With dir/*, Git will process the direct contents of dir, giving other patterns a chance to “un-exclude” some bit of the content (!dir/sub/).

• 该模式dir/排除了一个名为的目录dir及其下的（隐式）所有内容。
  随着dir/，Git会从来不看任何事情下dir，因而绝不会任意的“非排除”模式应用于下的任何dir。
• 该模式dir/*没有说明dir它本身；它只是排除了dir. 使用dir/*，Git 将处理 的直接内容dir，让其他模式有机会“取消排除”某些内容 ( !dir/sub/)。

回答by VonC

Commit 59856defrom Karsten Blees (kblees)for Git 1.9/2.0 (Q1 2014) clarifies that case:

来自Karsten Blees (kblees)for Git 1.9/2.0 (Q1 2014) 的Commit 59856de阐明了这种情况：

gitignore.txt: clarify recursive nature of excluded directories

gitignore.txt：澄清排除目录的递归性质

An optional prefix "!" which negates the pattern; any matching file excluded by a previous pattern will become included again.

It is not possible to re-include a file if a parent directory of that file is excluded. (*)
(*: unless certain conditions are met in git 2.8+, see below)
Git doesn't list excluded directories for performance reasons, so any patterns on contained files have no effect, no matter where they are defined.

Put a backslash ("\") in front of the first "!" for patterns that begin with a literal "!", for example, "\!important!.txt".

Example to exclude everything except a specific directory foo/bar(note the /*- without the slash, the wildcard would also exclude everything within foo/bar):

一个可选的前缀“ !”，它否定了模式；任何被先前模式排除的匹配文件将再次包含在内。

如果排除了该文件的父目录，则无法重新包含该文件。( *)
( *: 除非在 git 2.8+ 中满足某些条件，请参见下文)
Git 不会出于性能原因列出排除的目录，因此包含文件的任何模式都无效，无论它们在哪里定义。

对于以文字“ ”开头的模式，例如“ ”，\在第一个“ !”之前放置一个反斜杠（“ ”）。!\!important!.txt

排除除特定目录之外的所有内容的示例foo/bar（注意/*- 没有斜杠，通配符也会排除 中的所有内容foo/bar）：

 --------------------------------------------------------------
     $ cat .gitignore
     # exclude everything except directory foo/bar
     /*
     !/foo
     /foo/*
     !/foo/bar
 --------------------------------------------------------------

In your case:

在你的情况下：

application/*
!application/**/
application/language/*
!application/language/**/
!application/language/gr/**

You must white-list foldersfirst, before being able to white-list files within a given folder.

您必须先将文件夹列入白名单，然后才能将给定文件夹中的文件列入白名单。

---

---

Update Feb/March 2016:

2016 年 2 月/3 月更新：

Note that with git 2.9.x/2.10 (mid 2016?), it might be possible to re-include a file if a parent directory of that file is excluded if there is no wildcard in the path re-included.

请注意，对于 git 2.9.x/2.10（2016 年中期？），如果路径 re-included 中没有通配符，则如果排除该文件的父目录，则可能会重新包含该文件。

Nguy?n Thái Ng?c Duy (pclouds)is trying to add this feature:

Nguy?n Thái Ng?c Duy ( pclouds)正在尝试添加此功能：

• commit 506d8f1for git v2.7.0, reverted in commit 76b620dgit v2.8.0-rc0
• commit 5e57f9cgit v2.8.0-rc0,... reverted(!) in commit 5cee3493git 2.8.0.

• 为 git v2.7.0提交 506d8f1，在提交 76b620dgit v2.8.0-rc0 中恢复
• 提交 5e57f9cgit v2.8.0-rc0，...在提交 5cee3493git 2.8.0 中恢复（！）。

So with git 2.9+, this could have actually worked, but was ultimately reverted:

所以对于 git 2.9+，这实际上可以工作，但最终被恢复：

application/
!application/language/gr/

回答by rpyzh

@Chris Johnsen's answer is great, but with a newer versions of Git (1.8.2 or later), there is a double asterisk pattern you can leverage for a bit more shorthand solution:

@Chris Johnsen 的回答很好，但是对于更新版本的 Git（1.8.2 或更高版本），您可以利用双星号模式来获得更多速记解决方案：

# assuming the root folder you want to ignore is 'application'
application/**/*

# the subfolder(s) you want to track:
!application/language/gr/

This way you don't have to "unignore" parent directory of the subfolder you want to track.

这样您就不必“忽略”要跟踪的子文件夹的父目录。

---

---

With Git 2.17.0 (Not sure how early before this version. Possibly back to 1.8.2), using the **pattern combined with excludes for each subdirectory leading up to your file(s) works. For example:

使用 Git 2.17.0（不知道在这个版本之前多早。可能回到 1.8.2），使用**模式结合排除导致你的文件的每个子目录工作。例如：

# assuming the root folder you want to ignore is 'application'
application/**

# Explicitly track certain content nested in the 'application' folder:
!application/language/
!application/language/gr/
!application/language/gr/** # Example adding all files & folder in the 'gr' folder
!application/language/gr/SomeFile.txt # Example adding specific file in the 'gr' folder

回答by Katie

There are a bunch of similar questions about this, so I'll post what I wrote before:

关于这个有一堆类似的问题，所以我会发布我之前写过的内容：

The only way I got this to work on my machine was to do it this way:

我让它在我的机器上工作的唯一方法是这样做：

# Ignore all directories, and all sub-directories, and it's contents:
*/*

#Now ignore all files in the current directory 
#(This fails to ignore files without a ".", for example 
#'file.txt' works, but 
#'file' doesn't):
*.*

#Only Include these specific directories and subdirectories:
!wordpress/
!wordpress/*/
!wordpress/*/wp-content/
!wordpress/*/wp-content/themes/
!wordpress/*/wp-content/themes/*
!wordpress/*/wp-content/themes/*/*
!wordpress/*/wp-content/themes/*/*/*
!wordpress/*/wp-content/themes/*/*/*/*
!wordpress/*/wp-content/themes/*/*/*/*/*

Notice how you have to explicitly allow content for each level you want to include. So if I have subdirectories 5 deep under themes, I still need to spell that out.

请注意您必须如何明确允许您想要包含的每个级别的内容。所以如果我在主题下面有 5 个子目录，我仍然需要把它拼出来。

This is from @Yarin's comment here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/5250314/1696153

这是来自@Yarin 的评论：https: //stackoverflow.com/a/5250314/1696153

These were useful topics:

这些是有用的主题：

• How do negated patterns work in .gitignore?
• How do gitignore exclusion rules actually work?

• 否定模式如何在 .gitignore 中工作？
• gitignore 排除规则实际上是如何工作的？

I also tried

我也试过

*
*/*
**/**

and **/wp-content/themes/**

和 **/wp-content/themes/**

or /wp-content/themes/**/*

或者 /wp-content/themes/**/*

None of that worked for me, either. Lots of trial and error!

这些都不适合我。大量的试验和错误！

回答by Steve Kling

I've found only this actuallyworks.

我发现只有这个确实有效。

**/node_modules/*
!**/node_modules/keep-dir

回答by D. Ben Knoble

The simplest and probably best way is to try adding the files manually (generally this takes precedence over .gitignore-style rules):

最简单也可能是最好的方法是尝试手动添加文件（通常这优先于.gitignore-style 规则）：

git add /path/to/module

You may even want the -Nintent to addflag, to suggest you willadd them, but not immediately. I often do this for new files I'm not ready to stage yet.

你甚至可以在-N意图添加标志，建议您将它们添加，但不是马上。我经常为尚未准备好上演的新文件执行此操作。

---

---

This a copy of an answerposted on what could easily be a duplicate QA. I am reposting it here for increased visibility—I find it easier not to have a mess of gitignore rules.

这是发布在很容易成为重复 QA的答案的副本。我将它重新发布在这里是为了提高可见性——我发现不要把 gitignore 规则弄得一团糟更容易。

回答by Dongdong

Add an additional answer:

添加一个额外的答案：

!/.vs/              <== include this folder to source control, folder only, nothing else
/.vs/*              <== but ignore all files and sub-folder inside this folder
!/.vs/ProjectSettings.json <== but include this file to source control
!/.vs/config/       <== then include this folder to source control, folder only, nothing else
!/.vs/config/*      <== then include all files inside the folder

here is result:

这是结果：

回答by Abdennour TOUMI

So , since many programmers uses node . the use case which meets this question is to exclude node_modulesexcept one module module-afor example:

因此，由于许多程序员使用 node 。满足这个问题的用例是排除node_modules一个模块module-a，例如：

!node_modules/

node_modules/*
!node_modules/module-a/

回答by Breit

Especially for the older Git versions, most of the suggestions won't work that well. If that's the case, I'd put a separate .gitignore in the directory where I want the content to be included regardless of other settings and allow there what is needed.

特别是对于较旧的 Git 版本，大多数建议都不会那么好用。如果是这种情况，我会将一个单独的 .gitignore 放在我希望包含内容的目录中，而不管其他设置如何，并允许需要的内容。

For example: /.gitignore

例如：/.gitignore

# ignore all .dll files
*.dll

/dependency_files/.gitignore

/dependency_files/.gitignore

# include everything
!*

So everything in /dependency_files (even .dll files) are included just fine.

所以 /dependency_files 中的所有内容（甚至 .dll 文件）都包含在内。

回答by blamb

I have found a similar case here, where in laravel by default, .gitignoreignores all using asterix, then overrides the public directory.

我在这里发现了一个类似的情况，默认情况下在 laravel 中，.gitignore忽略所有使用 asterix，然后覆盖公共目录。

*
!public
!.gitignore

This is not sufficient if you run into the OP scenario.

如果您遇到 OP 场景，这还不够。

If you want to commit a specific subfolders of public, say for e.g. in your public/productsdirectory you want to include files that are one subfolder deep e.g. to include public/products/a/b.jpgthey wont be detected correctly, even if you add them specifically like this !/public/products, !public/products/*, etc..

如果您要提交的特定子文件夹public，譬如说例如，在你的public/products目录要包括那些一个子文件夹深如文件，包括public/products/a/b.jpg他们不会正确检测，即使你加他们特别喜欢这个!/public/products，!public/products/*等。

The solution is to make sure you add an entry for every path level like this to override them all.

解决方案是确保为每个路径级别添加一个条目，以覆盖它们。

*
!.gitignore
!public/
!public/*/
!public/products/
!public/products/*
!public/products/*/
!public/products/*/
!public/products/*/*