Linux 你如何在 *nix 登录时运行脚本？

How do you run a script on login in *nix?

提问by Nate

I know I once know how to do this but... how do you run a script (bash is OK) on login in unix?

我知道我曾经知道如何执行此操作，但是...如何在 unix 中登录时运行脚本（bash 可以）？

采纳答案by Svet

From wikipedia Bash

来自维基百科 Bash

When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of different scripts.

When Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell, it first reads and executes commands from the file /etc/profile, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile, in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that exists and is readable.

When a login shell exits, Bash reads and executes commands from the file ~/.bash_logout, if it exists.

When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, Bash reads and executes commands from ~/.bashrc, if that file exists. This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. The --rcfile file option will force Bash to read and execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc.

当 Bash 启动时，它会执行各种不同脚本中的命令。

当 Bash 作为交互式登录 shell 被调用时，它首先从文件 /etc/profile 中读取并执行命令（如果该文件存在）。读取该文件后，它会按顺序查找 ~/.bash_profile、~/.bash_login 和 ~/.profile，并从第一个存在且可读的命令中读取和执行命令。

当登录 shell 退出时，Bash 从文件 ~/.bash_logout（如果存在）读取并执行命令。

当一个不是登录 shell 的交互式 shell 启动时，Bash 从 ~/.bashrc 读取并执行命令（如果该文件存在）。这可以通过使用 --norc 选项来禁止。--rcfile 文件选项将强制 Bash 从文件而不是 ~/.bashrc 读取和执行命令。

回答by William Keller

The script ~/.bash_profileis run on login.

该脚本~/.bash_profile在登录时运行。

回答by gbjbaanb

Place it in your bash profile:

将它放在您的bash 配置文件中：

~/.bash_profile

回答by Craig B.

If you are on OSX, then it's ~/.profile

如果你在 OSX 上，那么它是 ~/.profile

回答by Michael Johnson

When using Bash, the first of ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_loginand ~/.profilewill be run for an interactive login shell. I believe ~/.profileis generally run by Unix shells besides Bash. Bash will run ~/.bashrcfor a non-login interactive shell.

使用 Bash 时，第一个~/.bash_profile,~/.bash_login和~/.profile将为交互式登录 shell 运行。我相信~/.profile除了 Bash 之外，它通常由 Unix shell 运行。Bash 将~/.bashrc针对非登录交互式 shell 运行。

I typically put everything I want to always set in .bashrcand then run it from .bash_profile, where I also set up a few things that should run only when I'm logging in, such as setting up ssh-agentor running screen.

我通常把我想设置的所有东西都放在里面.bashrc然后运行它.bash_profile，我还设置了一些只有在我登录时才运行的东西，比如设置ssh-agent或运行screen.

回答by Kent Fredric

If you wish to run onescript and onlyone script, you can make it that users default shell.

如果您希望运行一个脚本并且只运行一个脚本，您可以将其设为用户默认的 shell。

echo "/usr/bin/uptime" >> /etc/shells
vim /etc/passwd  
  * username:x:uid:grp:message:homedir:/usr/bin/uptime

can have interesting effects :) ( its not secure tho, so don't trust it too much. nothing like setting your default shell to be a script that wipes your drive. ... although, .. I can imagine a scenario where that could be amazingly useful )

可能会产生有趣的效果:)（它不安全，所以不要太相信它。没有什么比将默认 shell 设置为擦除驱动器的脚本更合适。...虽然，.. 我可以想象一个场景可能非常有用）

回答by ConcernedOfTunbridgeWells

Add an entry in /etc/profilethat executes the script. This will be run during every log-on. If you are only doing this for your own account, use one of your login scripts (e.g. .bash_profile) to run it.

在/etc/profile其中添加一个执行脚本的条目。这将在每次登录期间运行。如果您只是为自己的帐户执行此操作，请使用您的登录脚本之一（例如.bash_profile）来运行它。

回答by pjz

At login, most shells execute a login script, which you can use to execute your custom script. The login script the shell executes depends, of course, upon the shell:

在登录时，大多数 shell 会执行一个登录脚本，您可以使用它来执行您的自定义脚本。shell 执行的登录脚本当然取决于 shell：

• bash: .bash_profile, .bash_login, .profile (for backwards compabitibility)
• sh: .profile
• tcsh and csh: .login
• zsh: .zshrc

• bash: .bash_profile, .bash_login, .profile (为了向后兼容)
• sh：.profile
• tcsh 和 csh：.login
• zsh：.zshrc

You can probably find out what shell you're using by doing

您可能可以通过执行以下操作找出您正在使用的外壳

echo $SHELL

from the prompt.

从提示。

For a slightly wider definition of 'login', it's useful to know that on most distros when X is launched, your .xsessionrc will be executed when your X session is started.

对于“登录”的更宽泛的定义，了解在大多数发行版中当 X 启动时，您的 .xsessionrc 将在您的 X 会话启动时执行是很有用的。

回答by jtimberman

Search your local system's bash man page for ^INVOCATION for information on which file is going to be read at startup.

在本地系统的 bash 手册页中搜索 ^INVOCATION 以获取有关在启动时将读取哪个文件的信息。

man bash
/^INVOCATION

Also in the FILES section,

同样在 FILES 部分，

   ~/.bash_profile
          The personal initialization file, executed for login shells
   ~/.bashrc
          The individual per-interactive-shell startup file

Add your script to the proper file. Make sure the script is in the $PATH, or use the absolute path to the script file.

将您的脚本添加到正确的文件中。确保脚本在 $PATH 中，或使用脚本文件的绝对路径。

回答by Milhous

Launchdis a the preferred way in OS X.

Launchd是 OS X 中的首选方式。

If you want it to run on your login put it in ~/Library/LaunchAgents

如果您希望它在登录时运行，请将其输入 ~/Library/LaunchAgents

Start launchditem

开始launchd项目

launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.bob.plist

Stop item

停止项目

launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.bob.plist

Example com.bob.plist

例子 com.bob.plist

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>com.bob</string>
<key>RunAtLoad</key>
<true/>
<key>ProgramArguments</key>
<array>
<string>/usr/bin/java</string>
<string>-jar</string>
<string>/Users/user/program.jar</string>
</array>
</dict>
</plist>