了解 SQL Server 中所有数据库表之间的关系
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Know relationships between all the tables of database in SQL Server
提问by xorpower
I wish to all know how the tables in my database are related to each other (i.e PK/FK/UK) and hence i created a database diagram of all my tables in SQL Server. The diagram that was created was not easily readable and had to scroll (horizontally and sometimes vertically) to see the table on the other end.
我想知道我的数据库中的表是如何相互关联的（即 PK/FK/UK），因此我在 SQL Server 中创建了我所有表的数据库图表。创建的图表不易阅读，必须滚动（水平和有时垂直）才能看到另一端的表格。
In short SQL's db diagram are not UI friendly when it comes to knowing relationships between many tables.
简而言之，在了解许多表之间的关系时，SQL 的数据库图不是 UI 友好的。
My (simple) Question: Is there something like database diagram which can do what db diagram did but in "good" way?
我的（简单）问题：有没有像数据库图这样的东西可以做数据库图所做的事情，但是“好”的方式？
回答by marc_s
Sometimes, a textual representation might also help; with this query on the system catalog views, you can get a list of all FK relationships and how the link two tables (and what columns they operate on).
有时，文本表示也可能有所帮助；使用系统目录视图上的此查询，您可以获得所有 FK 关系的列表以及如何链接两个表（以及它们对哪些列进行操作）。
SELECT
fk.name 'FK Name',
tp.name 'Parent table',
cp.name, cp.column_id,
tr.name 'Refrenced table',
cr.name, cr.column_id
FROM
sys.foreign_keys fk
INNER JOIN
sys.tables tp ON fk.parent_object_id = tp.object_id
INNER JOIN
sys.tables tr ON fk.referenced_object_id = tr.object_id
INNER JOIN
sys.foreign_key_columns fkc ON fkc.constraint_object_id = fk.object_id
INNER JOIN
sys.columns cp ON fkc.parent_column_id = cp.column_id AND fkc.parent_object_id = cp.object_id
INNER JOIN
sys.columns cr ON fkc.referenced_column_id = cr.column_id AND fkc.referenced_object_id = cr.object_id
ORDER BY
tp.name, cp.column_id
Dump this into Excel, and you can slice and dice - based on the parent table, the referenced table or anything else.
将其转储到 Excel 中，您可以根据父表、引用表或其他任何内容进行切片和切块。
I find visual guides helpful - but sometimes, textual documentation is just as good (or even better) - just my 2 cents.....
我发现视觉指南很有帮助-但有时，文本文档也一样好（甚至更好）-只需我的 2 美分.....
回答by aweis
Or you can look at schemacrawler
或者你可以看看schemacrawler
回答by George Botros
Just another way to retrieve the same data using INFORMATION_SCHEMA
使用 INFORMATION_SCHEMA 检索相同数据的另一种方法
The information schema views included in SQL Server comply with the ISO standard definition for the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.
SQL Server 中包含的信息架构视图符合 INFORMATION_SCHEMA 的 ISO 标准定义。
SELECT
K_Table = FK.TABLE_NAME,
FK_Column = CU.COLUMN_NAME,
PK_Table = PK.TABLE_NAME,
PK_Column = PT.COLUMN_NAME,
Constraint_Name = C.CONSTRAINT_NAME
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS C
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS FK ON C.CONSTRAINT_NAME = FK.CONSTRAINT_NAME
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS PK ON C.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME = PK.CONSTRAINT_NAME
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE CU ON C.CONSTRAINT_NAME = CU.CONSTRAINT_NAME
INNER JOIN (
SELECT i1.TABLE_NAME, i2.COLUMN_NAME
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS i1
INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE i2 ON i1.CONSTRAINT_NAME = i2.CONSTRAINT_NAME
WHERE i1.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
) PT ON PT.TABLE_NAME = PK.TABLE_NAME
---- optional:
ORDER BY
1,2,3,4
WHERE PK.TABLE_NAME='something'WHERE FK.TABLE_NAME='something'
WHERE PK.TABLE_NAME IN ('one_thing', 'another')
WHERE FK.TABLE_NAME IN ('one_thing', 'another')
回答by Arno 2501
This stored procedure will provide you with a hierarchical tree of relationship. Based on this articlefrom Technet. It will also optionally provide you a query for reading or deleting all the related data.
这个存储过程将为您提供一个层次关系树。基于Technet上的这篇文章。它还可以选择为您提供读取或删除所有相关数据的查询。
IF OBJECT_ID('GetForeignKeyRelations','P') IS NOT NULL
DROP PROC GetForeignKeyRelations
GO
CREATE PROC GetForeignKeyRelations
@Schemaname Sysname = 'dbo'
,@Tablename Sysname
,@WhereClause NVARCHAR(2000) = ''
,@GenerateDeleteScripts bit = 0
,@GenerateSelectScripts bit = 0
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
DECLARE @fkeytbl TABLE
(
ReferencingObjectid int NULL
,ReferencingSchemaname Sysname NULL
,ReferencingTablename Sysname NULL
,ReferencingColumnname Sysname NULL
,PrimarykeyObjectid int NULL
,PrimarykeySchemaname Sysname NULL
,PrimarykeyTablename Sysname NULL
,PrimarykeyColumnname Sysname NULL
,Hierarchy varchar(max) NULL
,level int NULL
,rnk varchar(max) NULL
,Processed bit default 0 NULL
);
WITH fkey (ReferencingObjectid,ReferencingSchemaname,ReferencingTablename,ReferencingColumnname
,PrimarykeyObjectid,PrimarykeySchemaname,PrimarykeyTablename,PrimarykeyColumnname,Hierarchy,level,rnk)
AS
(
SELECT
soc.object_id
,scc.name
,soc.name
,convert(sysname,null)
,convert(int,null)
,convert(sysname,null)
,convert(sysname,null)
,convert(sysname,null)
,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), scc.name + '.' + soc.name ) as Hierarchy
,0 as level
,rnk=convert(varchar(max),soc.object_id)
FROM SYS.objects soc
JOIN sys.schemas scc
ON soc.schema_id = scc.schema_id
WHERE scc.name =@Schemaname
AND soc.name =@Tablename
UNION ALL
SELECT sop.object_id
,scp.name
,sop.name
,socp.name
,soc.object_id
,scc.name
,soc.name
,socc.name
,CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX), f.Hierarchy + ' --> ' + scp.name + '.' + sop.name ) as Hierarchy
,f.level+1 as level
,rnk=f.rnk + '-' + convert(varchar(max),sop.object_id)
FROM SYS.foreign_key_columns sfc
JOIN Sys.Objects sop
ON sfc.parent_object_id = sop.object_id
JOIN SYS.columns socp
ON socp.object_id = sop.object_id
AND socp.column_id = sfc.parent_column_id
JOIN sys.schemas scp
ON sop.schema_id = scp.schema_id
JOIN SYS.objects soc
ON sfc.referenced_object_id = soc.object_id
JOIN SYS.columns socc
ON socc.object_id = soc.object_id
AND socc.column_id = sfc.referenced_column_id
JOIN sys.schemas scc
ON soc.schema_id = scc.schema_id
JOIN fkey f
ON f.ReferencingObjectid = sfc.referenced_object_id
WHERE ISNULL(f.PrimarykeyObjectid,0) <> f.ReferencingObjectid
)
INSERT INTO @fkeytbl
(ReferencingObjectid,ReferencingSchemaname,ReferencingTablename,ReferencingColumnname
,PrimarykeyObjectid,PrimarykeySchemaname,PrimarykeyTablename,PrimarykeyColumnname,Hierarchy,level,rnk)
SELECT ReferencingObjectid,ReferencingSchemaname,ReferencingTablename,ReferencingColumnname
,PrimarykeyObjectid,PrimarykeySchemaname,PrimarykeyTablename,PrimarykeyColumnname,Hierarchy,level,rnk
FROM fkey
SELECT F.Relationshiptree
FROM
(
SELECT DISTINCT Replicate('------',Level) + CASE LEVEL WHEN 0 THEN '' ELSE '>' END + ReferencingSchemaname + '.' + ReferencingTablename 'Relationshiptree'
,RNK
FROM @fkeytbl
) F
ORDER BY F.rnk ASC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Generate the Delete / Select script
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DECLARE @Sql VARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @RnkSql VARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @Jointables TABLE
(
ID INT IDENTITY
,Object_id int
)
DECLARE @ProcessTablename SYSNAME
DECLARE @ProcessSchemaName SYSNAME
DECLARE @JoinConditionSQL VARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @Rnk VARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @OldTablename SYSNAME
IF @GenerateDeleteScripts = 1 or @GenerateSelectScripts = 1
BEGIN
WHILE EXISTS ( SELECT 1
FROM @fkeytbl
WHERE Processed = 0
AND level > 0 )
BEGIN
SELECT @ProcessTablename = ''
SELECT @Sql = ''
SELECT @JoinConditionSQL = ''
SELECT @OldTablename = ''
SELECT TOP 1 @ProcessTablename = ReferencingTablename
,@ProcessSchemaName = ReferencingSchemaname
,@Rnk = RNK
FROM @fkeytbl
WHERE Processed = 0
AND level > 0
ORDER BY level DESC
SELECT @RnkSql ='SELECT ' + REPLACE (@rnk,'-',' UNION ALL SELECT ')
DELETE FROM @Jointables
INSERT INTO @Jointables
EXEC(@RnkSql)
IF @GenerateDeleteScripts = 1
SELECT @Sql = 'DELETE [' + @ProcessSchemaName + '].[' + @ProcessTablename + ']' + CHAR(10) + ' FROM [' + @ProcessSchemaName + '].[' + @ProcessTablename + ']' + CHAR(10)
IF @GenerateSelectScripts = 1
SELECT @Sql = 'SELECT [' + @ProcessSchemaName + '].[' + @ProcessTablename + '].*' + CHAR(10) + ' FROM [' + @ProcessSchemaName + '].[' + @ProcessTablename + ']' + CHAR(10)
SELECT @JoinConditionSQL = @JoinConditionSQL
+ CASE
WHEN @OldTablename <> f.PrimarykeyTablename THEN 'JOIN [' + f.PrimarykeySchemaname + '].[' + f.PrimarykeyTablename + '] ' + CHAR(10) + ' ON '
ELSE ' AND '
END
+ ' [' + f.PrimarykeySchemaname + '].[' + f.PrimarykeyTablename + '].[' + f.PrimarykeyColumnname + '] = [' + f.ReferencingSchemaname + '].[' + f.ReferencingTablename + '].[' + f.ReferencingColumnname + ']' + CHAR(10)
, @OldTablename = CASE
WHEN @OldTablename <> f.PrimarykeyTablename THEN f.PrimarykeyTablename
ELSE @OldTablename
END
FROM @fkeytbl f
JOIN @Jointables j
ON f.Referencingobjectid = j.Object_id
WHERE charindex(f.rnk + '-',@Rnk + '-') <> 0
AND F.level > 0
ORDER BY J.ID DESC
SELECT @Sql = @Sql + @JoinConditionSQL
IF LTRIM(RTRIM(@WhereClause)) <> ''
SELECT @Sql = @Sql + ' WHERE (' + @WhereClause + ')'
PRINT @SQL
PRINT CHAR(10)
UPDATE @fkeytbl
SET Processed = 1
WHERE ReferencingTablename = @ProcessTablename
AND rnk = @Rnk
END
IF @GenerateDeleteScripts = 1
SELECT @Sql = 'DELETE FROM [' + @Schemaname + '].[' + @Tablename + ']'
IF @GenerateSelectScripts = 1
SELECT @Sql = 'SELECT * FROM [' + @Schemaname + '].[' + @Tablename + ']'
IF LTRIM(RTRIM(@WhereClause)) <> ''
SELECT @Sql = @Sql + ' WHERE ' + @WhereClause
PRINT @SQL
END
SET NOCOUNT OFF
go
回答by Mentor
My solution is based on @marc_s solution, i just concatenated columns in cases that a constraint is based on more than one column:
我的解决方案基于@marc_s 解决方案，我只是在约束基于多列的情况下连接列：
SELECT
FK.[name] AS ForeignKeyConstraintName
,SCHEMA_NAME(FT.schema_id) + '.' + FT.[name] AS ForeignTable
,STUFF(ForeignColumns.ForeignColumns, 1, 2, '') AS ForeignColumns
,SCHEMA_NAME(RT.schema_id) + '.' + RT.[name] AS ReferencedTable
,STUFF(ReferencedColumns.ReferencedColumns, 1, 2, '') AS ReferencedColumns
FROM
sys.foreign_keys FK
INNER JOIN sys.tables FT
ON FT.object_id = FK.parent_object_id
INNER JOIN sys.tables RT
ON RT.object_id = FK.referenced_object_id
CROSS APPLY
(
SELECT
', ' + iFC.[name] AS [text()]
FROM
sys.foreign_key_columns iFKC
INNER JOIN sys.columns iFC
ON iFC.object_id = iFKC.parent_object_id
AND iFC.column_id = iFKC.parent_column_id
WHERE
iFKC.constraint_object_id = FK.object_id
ORDER BY
iFC.[name]
FOR XML PATH('')
) ForeignColumns (ForeignColumns)
CROSS APPLY
(
SELECT
', ' + iRC.[name]AS [text()]
FROM
sys.foreign_key_columns iFKC
INNER JOIN sys.columns iRC
ON iRC.object_id = iFKC.referenced_object_id
AND iRC.column_id = iFKC.referenced_column_id
WHERE
iFKC.constraint_object_id = FK.object_id
ORDER BY
iRC.[name]
FOR XML PATH('')
) ReferencedColumns (ReferencedColumns)
回答by mattytommo
Microsoft Visio is probably the best I've came across, although as far as I know it won't automatically generate based on your relationships.
Microsoft Visio 可能是我遇到的最好的，尽管据我所知它不会根据您的关系自动生成。
EDIT: try this in Visio, could give you what you need http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/visio-help/reverse-engineering-an-existing-database-HA001182257.aspx
编辑：在 Visio 中试试这个，可以给你你需要的http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/visio-help/reverse-engineering-an-existing-database-HA001182257.aspx
回答by sundar.sat84
select * from information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS where
UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA = 'TABLE_NAME'
This will list the column with TABLE_NAMEand REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME.
这将列出带有TABLE_NAME和的列REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME。
