在本教程中，我们将介绍如何在Debian 10(Buster)上安装MariaDB 10.3. MariaDB是从MySQL派生的关系数据库管理系统。 MariaDB是完全开源的，并根据通用公共许可证版本2发布。

在Debian 10 Buster上安装MariaDB数据库服务器不需要额外的存储库。我们只需要更新系统APT储存库，然后就可以开始了。

更新Debian 10系统

在终端中运行以下命令以更新服务器上的系统软件包和存储库内容。

sudo apt update && sudo apt -y upgrade

在Debian 10 Buster上安装MariaDB

接下来是在Debian 10 Buster上安装MariaDB数据库服务器。

sudo apt -y install mariadb-server mariadb-client

当提示我们设置root密码时，请提供密码并确认。

默认安装的MariaDB版本是10.3. 可以通过以下方式确认：

$apt policy mariadb-server
 mariadb-server:
   Installed: 1:10.3.13-1
   Candidate: 1:10.3.13-1
   Version table:
  *** 1:10.3.13-1 500
         500 http://httpredir.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 Packages
         100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

MariaDB数据库服务器的服务名称是mysql或者mariadb。

$systemctl status mariadb
 ● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3.13 database server
    Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
    Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-03-29 10:31:19 UTC; 6min ago
      Docs: man:mysqld(8)
            https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
  Main PID: 14616 (mysqld)
    Status: "Taking your SQL requests now…"
     Tasks: 30 (limit: 1148)
    Memory: 51.8M
    CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
            └─14616 /usr/sbin/mysqld
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: performance_schema
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: Phase 6/7: Checking and upgrading tables
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: Running 'mysqlcheck' with connection arguments: --socket='/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' --host='lo
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: # Connecting to localhost…
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: # Disconnecting from localhost…
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: Processing databases
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: information_schema
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: performance_schema
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: Phase 7/7: Running 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES'
 Mar 29 10:31:20 deb10 /etc/mysql/debian-start[14653]: OK

保护MariaDB数据库服务器

最后一步是保护数据库服务器。这包括：设置强壮的root密码删除匿名用户禁用root用户的远程登录删除test数据库并对其进行访问

运行以下命令以保护数据库服务器。

$sudo mysql_secure_installation
 NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
       SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
 In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
 password for the root user.  If you've just installed MariaDB, and
 you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
 so you should just press enter here.
 Enter current password for root (enter for none): 
 OK, successfully used password, moving on…
 Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
 root user without the proper authorisation.
 Set root password? [Y/n] Y
 New password: 
 Re-enter new password: 
 Password updated successfully!
 Reloading privilege tables..
  … Success!
 By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
 to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
 them.  This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
 go a bit smoother.  You should remove them before moving into a
 production environment.
 Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] Y
  … Success!
 Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.  This
 ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
 Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] Y
  … Success!
 By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
 access.  This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
 before moving into a production environment.
 Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] Y
 Dropping test database…
 … Success!
 Removing privileges on test database…
 … Success! 
 Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
 will take effect immediately.
 Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] Y
  … Success!
 Cleaning up…
 All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
 installation should now be secure.
 Thanks for using MariaDB!

更新身份验证插件，以允许以普通用户身份验证root密码。

$sudo mysql -u root
UPDATE mysql.user SET plugin = 'mysql_native_password' WHERE User = 'root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
QUIT;

测试MariaDB数据库安装。

$mysql -u root -p
 Enter password: 
 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
 Your MariaDB connection id is 67
 Server version: 10.3.13-MariaDB-1 Debian buildd-unstable
 Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

从MySQL CLI确认版本：

MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT VERSION();
 +-------------------+
 | VERSION()         |
 +-------------------+
 | 10.3.13-MariaDB-1 |
 +-------------------+
 1 row in set (0.001 sec)
 MariaDB [(none)]> QUIT