macos 如何设置本地python库目录/PYTHONPATH？

How do I set up a local python library directory / PYTHONPATH?

提问by Weston C

In the process of trying to write a Python script that uses PIL today, I discovered I don't seem have it on my local machine (OS X 10.5.8, default 2.5 Python install).

今天在尝试编写一个使用 PIL 的 Python 脚本的过程中，我发现我的本地机器上似乎没有它（OS X 10.5.8，默认 2.5 Python 安装）。

So I run:

所以我运行：

easy_install --prefix=/usr/local/python/ pil

and it complains a little about /usr/local/python/lib/python2.5/site-packages not yet existing, so I create it, and try again, and get this:

它有点抱怨 /usr/local/python/lib/python2.5/site-packages 尚不存在，所以我创建了它，然后再试一次，得到了这个：

TEST FAILED: /usr/local/python//lib/python2.5/site-packages does NOT support .pth files error: bad install directory or PYTHONPATH

You are attempting to install a package to a directory that is not on PYTHONPATH and which Python does not read ".pth" files from. The installation directory you specified (via --install-dir, --prefix, or the distutils default setting) was:

/usr/local/python//lib/python2.5/site-packages

and your PYTHONPATH environment variable currently contains:

''

测试失败：/usr/local/python//lib/python2.5/site-packages 不支持 .pth 文件错误：安装目录或 PYTHONPATH 错误

您正在尝试将软件包安装到不在 PYTHONPATH 上且 Python 不从中读取“.pth”文件的目录。您指定的安装目录（通过 --install-dir、--prefix 或 distutils 默认设置）是：

/usr/local/python//lib/python2.5/site-packages

并且您的 PYTHONPATH 环境变量当前包含：

''

OK, fair enough -- I hadn't done anything to set the path. So I add a quick line to ~/.bash_profile:

好吧，很公平——我没有做任何事情来设置路径。所以我在 ~/.bash_profile 中添加了一个快速行：

PYTHONPATH="$PYTHONPATH:/usr/local/python/lib/python2.5"

PYTHONPATH="$PYTHONPATH:/usr/local/python/lib/python2.5"

and sourceit, and try again.

和source它，然后再试一次。

Same error message.

同样的错误信息。

This is kindof curious, given that PYTHONPATH is clearly set; I can echo $PYTHONPATHand get back :/usr/local/python/lib/python2.5. I decided to check out what the include path looked like from inside:

鉴于 PYTHONPATH 已明确设置，这有点奇怪；我可以echo $PYTHONPATH回来:/usr/local/python/lib/python2.5。我决定从内部检查包含路径的样子：

import sys
print "\n".join(sys.path)

which yields:

产生：

/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python25.zip /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5 /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/plat-darwin /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/plat-mac /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/lib-tk /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/lib-dynload /Library/Python/2.5/site-packages /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/PyObjC

/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python25.zip /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5 /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework /Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/plat-darwin /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/plat-mac /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions /2.5/lib/python2.5/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5 /lib/python2.5/lib-tk /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5/lib-dynload /Library/Python/2.5/site-packages /System/Library/Frameworks /Python.framework/Versions/2.5/Extras/lib/python/PyObjC

from which /usr/local/python/yadda/yaddais notably missing.

其中/usr/local/python/yadda/yadda明显缺失。

Not sure what I'm supposed to do here. How do I get python to recognize this location as an include path?

不知道我应该在这里做什么。如何让python将此位置识别为包含路径？

UPDATE

更新

As Sven Marnach suggested, I was neglecting to export PYTHONPATH. I've corrected that problem, and now see it show up when I print out sys.pathfrom within Python. However, I still got the TEST FAILEDerror message I mentioned above, just with my new PYTHONPATH environment variable.

正如 Sven Marnach 所建议的那样，我忽略了导出 PYTHONPATH。我已经更正了这个问题，现在当我sys.path从 Python 中打印出来时，它会出现。但是，我仍然收到了TEST FAILED上面提到的错误消息，只是使用了我的新 PYTHONPATH 环境变量。

So, I tried changing it from /usr/local/python/lib/python2.5to /usr/local/python/lib/python2.5/site-packages, exporting, and running the same easy_installcommand again. This leads to an all new result that at first lookedlike success (but isn't):

因此，我尝试将其从 更改/usr/local/python/lib/python2.5为/usr/local/python/lib/python2.5/site-packages、导出并easy_install再次运行相同的命令。这导致了一个全新的结果，起初看起来像成功（但不是）：

Creating /usr/local/python/lib/python2.5/site-packages/site.py
Searching for pil
Reading http://pypi.python.org/simple/pil/
Reading http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil
Reading http://effbot.org/zone/pil-changes-115.htm
Reading http://effbot.org/downloads/#Imaging
Best match: PIL 1.1.7
Downloading http://effbot.org/media/downloads/PIL-1.1.7.tar.gz
Processing PIL-1.1.7.tar.gz
Running PIL-1.1.7/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /var/folders/XW/XWpClVq7EpSB37BV3zTo+++++TI/-Tmp-/easy_install-krj9oR/PIL-1.1.7/egg-dist-tmp--Pyauy
--- using frameworks at /System/Library/Frameworks
[snipped: compiler warnings]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
PIL 1.1.7 SETUP SUMMARY
--------------------------------------------------------------------
version       1.1.7
platform      darwin 2.5.1 (r251:54863, Sep  1 2010, 22:03:14)
              [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5465)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
--- TKINTER support available
--- JPEG support available
--- ZLIB (PNG/ZIP) support available
*** FREETYPE2 support not available
*** LITTLECMS support not available
--------------------------------------------------------------------
To add a missing option, make sure you have the required
library, and set the corresponding ROOT variable in the
setup.py script.

To check the build, run the selftest.py script.
zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...
Image: module references __file__
No eggs found in /var/folders/XW/XWpClVq7EpSB37BV3zTo+++++TI/-Tmp-/easy_install-krj9oR/PIL-1.1.7/egg-dist-tmp--Pyauy (setup script problem?)

Again, this looks good, but when I go to run my script:

同样，这看起来不错，但是当我去运行我的脚本时：

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "checkerboard.py", line 1, in import Image, ImageDraw ImportError: No module named Image

回溯（最近一次调用最后一次）：
文件“checkerboard.py”，第 1 行，在导入图像中，ImageDraw 导入错误：没有名为 Image 的模块

When I check what's now under /usr/local/python/using find ., I get:

当我检查现在正在/usr/local/python/使用的内容时find .，我得到：

./lib ./lib/python2.5 ./lib/python2.5/site-packages ./lib/python2.5/site-packages/site.py ./lib/python2.5/site-packages/site.pyc

./lib ./lib/python2.5 ./lib/python2.5/site-packages ./lib/python2.5/site-packages/site.py ./lib/python2.5/site-packages/site. pyc

So... nothing module-looking (I'm assuming site.py and site.pyc are metadata or helper scripts). Where did the install go?

所以......没有任何模块（我假设 site.py 和 site.pyc 是元数据或帮助脚本）。安装到哪里去了？

I note this:

我注意到这一点：

To check the build, run the selftest.py script.

要检查构建，请运行 selftest.py 脚本。

But don't really know what that is.

但真的不知道那是什么。

And I also noticed the "No eggs found" message. Are either of these hints?

而且我还注意到“未找到鸡蛋”消息。是这些提示中的任何一个吗？

采纳答案by Ned Deily

You are using the Apple-supplied Python 2.5 in OS X; it's a framework build and, by default, uses /Library/Python/2.5/site-packagesas the location for installed packages, not /usr/local. Normally you shouldn't need to specify --prefixwith an OS X framework build. Also beware that the setuptools(easy_install) supplied by Apple with OS X 10.5 is also rather old as is the version of Python itself.

您在 OS X 中使用 Apple 提供的 Python 2.5；它是一个框架构建，默认情况下/Library/Python/2.5/site-packages用作安装包的位置，而不是/usr/local. 通常，您不需要指定--prefixOS X 框架构建。另请注意，Apple 随 OS X 10.5 提供的setuptools( easy_install) 与 Python 本身的版本一样也很旧。

That said, installing PILcompletely and correctly on OS X especially OS X 10.5 is not particularly simple. Search the archives or elsewhere for tips and/or binary packages. Particularly if you are planning to use other modules like MySQL or Django, my recommendation is to install everything (Python and PIL) using a package manager like MacPorts.

也就是说，PIL在 OS X 尤其是 OS X 10.5 上完全正确地安装并不是特别简单。在档案或其他地方搜索提示和/或二进制包。特别是如果您打算使用其他模块（如 MySQL 或 Django），我的建议是使用MacPorts等包管理器安装所有内容（Python 和 PIL）。

回答by evadeflow

Why did you specify --prefixin your easy_installinvocation? Did you try just:

你为什么--prefix在easy_install调用中指定？您是否尝试过：

sudo easy_install pil

If you're only trying to install PIL to the default location, I would think easy_installcould work out the correct path. (Clearly, /usr/local/pythonisn't it...)

如果您只是尝试将 PIL 安装到默认位置，我认为easy_install可以找出正确的路径。（很明显，/usr/local/python是不是……）

EDIT: Someone down-voted this answer, maybe because it was too terse . That's what I get for trying to post an answer from my cell phone, I guess. But the gist of it is perfectly valid, IMHO: if you're using --prefixto specify a custom install location with easy_install, you're kind of 'doing it wrong'. It might be possibleto make this work, but the easy_installdocumentation has a section on custom installation locationsthat doesn't even mention this as a possibility, except as a small tweak to the virtual pythonoption. I'd suggest following the OS X instructionsif you want to install to a custom location on a Mac, --prefixjust does not seem like the right tool for the job.

编辑：有人对这个答案投了反对票，也许是因为它太简洁了。我想这就是我试图从手机上发布答案所得到的结果。但它的要点是完全有效的，恕我直言：如果您使用--prefix指定自定义安装位置easy_install，那么您有点“做错了”。这可能是可能的，使这项工作，但easy_install文件对一款自定义安装位置，它甚至没有提到这种可能性，但作为一个小调整到虚拟蟒蛇选项。如果您想安装到 Mac 上的自定义位置，我建议按照OS X 说明进行操作，--prefix但这似乎不是适合该工作的工具。