bash 递归复制文件夹，排除部分文件夹
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Copy folder recursively, excluding some folders
提问by trobrock
I am trying to write a simple bash script that will copy the entire contents of a folder including hidden files and folders into another folder, but I want to exclude certain specific folders. How could I achieve this?
我正在尝试编写一个简单的 bash 脚本，它将一个文件夹的全部内容（包括隐藏文件和文件夹）复制到另一个文件夹中，但我想排除某些特定文件夹。我怎么能做到这一点？
回答by Kaleb Pederson
Use rsync:
使用 rsync：
rsync -av --exclude='path1/to/exclude' --exclude='path2/to/exclude' source destination
Note that using sourceand source/are different. A trailing slash means to copy the contents of the folder sourceinto destination. Without the trailing slash, it means copy the folder sourceinto destination.
注意使用source和source/是不同的。尾部斜杠表示将文件夹的内容复制source到destination. 没有尾部斜杠，这意味着将文件夹复制source到destination.
Alternatively, if you have lots of directories (or files) to exclude, you can use --exclude-from=FILE, where FILEis the name of a file containing files or directories to exclude.
或者，如果您有很多目录（或文件）要排除，您可以使用--exclude-from=FILE, 其中FILE是包含要排除的文件或目录的文件的名称。
--excludemay also contain wildcards, such as --exclude=*/.svn*
--exclude也可能包含通配符，例如 --exclude=*/.svn*
回答by Kyle Butt
Use tar along with a pipe.
将 tar 与管道一起使用。
cd /source_directory
tar cf - --exclude=dir_to_exclude . | (cd /destination && tar xvf - )
You can even use this technique across ssh.
您甚至可以跨 ssh 使用此技术。
回答by Paused until further notice.
You can use findwith the -pruneoption.
您可以使用find该-prune选项。
An example from man find:
一个例子来自man find：
cd /source-dir
find . -name .snapshot -prune -o \( \! -name *~ -print0 \)|
cpio -pmd0 /dest-dir
This command copies the contents of /source-dir to /dest-dir, but omits
files and directories named .snapshot (and anything in them). It also
omits files or directories whose name ends in ~, but not their con‐
tents. The construct -prune -o \( ... -print0 \) is quite common. The
idea here is that the expression before -prune matches things which are
to be pruned. However, the -prune action itself returns true, so the
following -o ensures that the right hand side is evaluated only for
those directories which didn't get pruned (the contents of the pruned
directories are not even visited, so their contents are irrelevant).
The expression on the right hand side of the -o is in parentheses only
for clarity. It emphasises that the -print0 action takes place only
for things that didn't have -prune applied to them. Because the
default `and' condition between tests binds more tightly than -o, this
is the default anyway, but the parentheses help to show what is going
on.
回答by ghostdog74
you can use tar, with --exclude option , and then untar it in destination. eg
您可以使用带有 --exclude 选项的 tar，然后在目标中将其解压缩。例如
cd /source_directory
tar cvf test.tar --exclude=dir_to_exclude *
mv test.tar /destination
cd /destination
tar xvf test.tar
see the man page of tar for more info
有关更多信息，请参阅 tar 的手册页
回答by Matthew Flaschen
Similar to Jeff's idea (untested):
类似于 Jeff 的想法（未经测试）：
find . -name * -print0 | grep -v "exclude" | xargs -0 -I {} cp -a {} destination/
回答by Steve Lazaridis
EXCLUDE="foo bar blah jah"
DEST=
for i in *
do
for x in $EXCLUDE
do
if [ $x != $i ]; then
cp -a $i $DEST
fi
done
done
Untested...
未经测试...
回答by go2null
inspired by @SteveLazaridis's answer, which would fail, here is a POSIX shell function - just copy and paste into a file named cpxin yout $PATHand make it executible (chmod a+x cpr). [Source is now maintained in my GitLab.
受到@SteveLazaridis 的回答的启发，这会失败，这是一个 POSIX shell 函数 - 只需复制并粘贴到一个以cpxyout命名的文件中$PATH并使其可执行 ( chmod a+x cpr)。[源现在在我的GitLab 中维护。
#!/bin/sh
# usage: cpx [-n|--dry-run] "from_path" "to_path" "newline_separated_exclude_list"
# limitations: only excludes from "from_path", not it's subdirectories
cpx() {
# run in subshell to avoid collisions
(_CopyWithExclude "$@")
}
_CopyWithExclude() {
case "" in
-n|--dry-run) { DryRun='echo'; shift; } ;;
esac
from=""
to=""
exclude=""
$DryRun mkdir -p "$to"
if [ -z "$exclude" ]; then
cp "$from" "$to"
return
fi
ls -A1 "$from" \
| while IFS= read -r f; do
unset excluded
if [ -n "$exclude" ]; then
for x in $(printf "$exclude"); do
if [ "$f" = "$x" ]; then
excluded=1
break
fi
done
fi
f="${f#$from/}"
if [ -z "$excluded" ]; then
$DryRun cp -R "$f" "$to"
else
[ -n "$DryRun" ] && echo "skip '$f'"
fi
done
}
# Do not execute if being sourced
[ "${0#*cpx}" != "EXCLUDE="
.git
my_secret_stuff
"
cpr "$HOME/my_stuff" "/media/usb" "$EXCLUDE"
" ] && cpx "$@"
Example usage
示例用法
##代码##