Python 如何在 ubuntu 上安装密码学？
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How to install cryptography on ubuntu?
提问by ithelloworld
My ubuntu is 14.04 LTS.
我的 ubuntu 是 14.04 LTS。
When I install cryptography, the error is:
当我安装加密时，错误是：
Installing egg-scripts.
uses namespace packages but the distribution does not require setuptools.
Getting distribution for 'cryptography==0.2.1'.
no previously-included directories found matching 'documentation/_build'
zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...
six: module references __path__
Installed /tmp/easy_install-oUz7ei/cryptography-0.2.1/.eggs/six-1.10.0-py2.7.egg
Searching for cffi>=0.8
Reading https://pypi.python.org/simple/cffi/
Best match: cffi 1.5.0
Downloading https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cffi/cffi-1.5.0.tar.gz#md5=dec8441e67880494ee881305059af656
Processing cffi-1.5.0.tar.gz
Writing /tmp/easy_install-oUz7ei/cryptography-0.2.1/temp/easy_install-Yf2Yl3/cffi-1.5.0/setup.cfg
Running cffi-1.5.0/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-oUz7ei/cryptography-0.2.1/temp/easy_install-Yf2Yl3/cffi-1.5.0/egg-dist-tmp-A2kjMD
c/_cffi_backend.c:15:17: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
#include <ffi.h>
^
compilation terminated.
error: Setup script exited with error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
An error occurred when trying to install cryptography 0.2.1. Look above this message for any errors that were output by easy_install.
While:
Installing egg-scripts.
Getting distribution for 'cryptography==0.2.1'.
Error: Couldn't install: cryptography 0.2.1
I don't know why it was failed. What is the reason. Is there something necessary when install it on ubuntu system?
我不知道为什么它失败了。是什么原因。在 ubuntu 系统上安装时有什么必要吗？
回答by Angelos
I had the same problem when pip installing the cryptography module on Ubuntu 14.04. I solved it by installing libffi-dev:
在 Ubuntu 14.04 上 pip 安装加密模块时，我遇到了同样的问题。我通过安装 libffi-dev 解决了它：
apt-get install -y libffi-dev
Then I got the following error:
然后我收到以下错误：
build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4/_openssl.c:431:25: fatal error: openssl/aes.h: No such file or directory
#include <openssl/aes.h>
^
compilation terminated.
error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
Which I resolved by installing libssl-dev:
我通过安装 libssl-dev 解决了这个问题：
apt-get install -y libssl-dev
回答by kmonsoor
The answer is on the docs of cryptography's installation sectionwhich pretty much reflects Angelos' answer:
答案是对的文档cryptography的安装部分，这几乎反映了Angelos的回答：
Quoting it:
引用它：
For Debian and Ubuntu, the following command will ensure that the required dependencies are installed:
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-devFor Fedora and RHEL-derivatives, the following command will ensure that the required dependencies are installed:
$ sudo yum install gcc libffi-devel python-devel openssl-develYou should now be able to build and install cryptography with the usual
$ pip install cryptography
对于 Debian 和Ubuntu，以下命令将确保安装所需的依赖项：
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev对于 Fedora 和 RHEL 衍生版本，以下命令将确保安装所需的依赖项：
$ sudo yum install gcc libffi-devel python-devel openssl-devel您现在应该能够使用通常的方式构建和安装密码学
$ pip install cryptography
If you're using Python 3, please use python3-devinstead of python-devin the first command. (thanks to @chasmani)
如果您使用的是 Python 3，请在第一个命令中使用python3-dev代替python-dev。（感谢@chasmani）
If you're installing this on Ubuntu 18.04, please use libssl1.0instead of libssl-devin the first command. (thanks to @pobe)
如果您在 上安装它Ubuntu 18.04，请在第一个命令中使用libssl1.0而不是libssl-dev。（感谢@pobe）
回答by Renato Prado
Installing libssl-dev and python-dev was enough for me on ubuntu 16.04.
在 ubuntu 16.04 上安装 libssl-dev 和 python-dev 对我来说就足够了。
