欢迎使用有关如何在Debian 10(Buster)上安装MariaDB 10.4的今日教程。 MariaDB是MySQL的直接替代品，具有更多功能，新的存储引擎和更好的性能。我们可以从官方上阅读有关MariaDB 10.4功能的更多信息。

从本文更新起，MariaDB 10.4是MariaDB的当前稳定版本。请按照以下步骤在Debian 10(Buster)上安装MariaDB 10.4. 我们将添加官方的MariaDB apt存储库，然后在Debian 10系统上从中安装MariaDB 10.4的最新软件包。

更新系统apt索引

我建议我们更新系统并选择升级已安装的软件包。

sudo apt -y update
sudo apt -y install software-properties-common gnupg2
sudo apt -y upgrade
sudo reboot

导入MariaDB gpg密钥并添加存储库。

我们需要导入MariaDB gpg密钥，其中包含用于签名MariaDB Debian软件包的密钥。然后将MariaDB存储库添加到系统中：

sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com 0xF1656F24C74CD1D8
sudo add-apt-repository 'deb [arch=amd64] http://mariadb.mirror.liquidtelecom.com/repo/10.4/debian buster main'

在Debian 10(Buster)上安装MariaDB 10.4

添加存储库后，可以通过在终端中运行以下命令来完成MariaDB 10.4服务器和客户端软件包的安装。

sudo apt update
sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client

保护MariaDB服务器

现在，运行安全脚本来设置root密码，删除测试数据库并禁用远程root用户登录。

$sudo mysql_secure_installation 

NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
      SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
haven't set the root password yet, you should just press enter here.

Enter current password for root (enter for none): 
OK, successfully used password, moving on...

Setting the root password or using the unix_socket ensures that nobody
can log into the MariaDB root user without the proper authorisation.

You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.

Switch to unix_socket authentication [Y/n] y
Enabled successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
 ... Success!

You already have your root account protected, so you can safely answer 'n'.

Change the root password? [Y/n] y
New password: 
Re-enter new password: 
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
 ... Success!

By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them.  This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother.  You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.  This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access.  This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
 - Dropping test database...
 ... Success!
 - Removing privileges on test database...
 ... Success!

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Cleaning up...

All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!

现在，我们需要提供用户名和密码才能访问MySQL控制台。没有身份验证，我们将获得拒绝访问错误。

$mysql -u root
ERROR 1698 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost'

使用-p选项进行身份验证。

$mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 59
Server version: 10.4.6-MariaDB-1:10.4.6+maria~buster mariadb.org binary distribution

Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> SELECT VERSION();
 +--------------------------------------+
 | VERSION()                            |
 +--------------------------------------+
 | 10.4.6-MariaDB-1:10.4.6+maria~buster |
 +--------------------------------------+
 1 row in set (0.000 sec)